Do venture capitalists imitate portfolio size?

Venture capitalists face the challenge of determining how many entrepreneurial ventures they should invest in. Kanniainen and Keuschnigg (J Corp Finance 9:521–534, 2003) develop a theoretical model based on economic factors that shows how a venture capital fund should set its portfolio size in order to achieve optimal returns. Determining the required economic inputs to this model is difficult in practice however, given the informational asymmetries, uncertainties and ambiguities present in the decision-making environment of venture capitalists. Hence, we contend that general partners of venture capital funds also use their prior venture capital fund management experience, which we refer to as social capital, to overcome the difficulties they face in solving the above optimization problem. Our results support our hypotheses that portfolio size is explained by the interplay of economic and social factors.      

商业银行二级分支行经济资本管理的问题与对策

随着商业银行进入资本管理时代,经济资本管理逐渐成为商业银行核心管理模式,也是转型道路中同业经济资本管理水平和能力的博弈。商业银行二级分支行位于市场竞争最前沿,是整个经济资本管理体系执行层的着力点,其资本管理如何事关全局。本文以工商银行为例简述了工商银行经济资本管理的,主要运行情况,从二级分支行的视角,指出管理层应通过设计经济资本运作管理流程,给予二级分支行相应配套的支持和制度完善,二级分支行要将EVA和RAROC指标及意义渗透到经营管理的考核、评价和资源分配中,在资本管理流程内规范化和程序化运作,引导和约束经营行为,实现新的健康的经营转型目标。     

股权资本与区域经济增长的内生性实证检验

在Lucas(1988)模型基础上引入金融资本建立内生经济增长分析框架,研究分析表征区域股票市场发展的两个变量(股权资本和股东权益)对经济增长的影响,并重点强调对内生性问题的分析。借助省级面板数据进行实证检验后发现,经济增长动力的地区差异十分明显,股权资本对经济增长的贡献不显著。     

The cyclical effects of the Basel II capital requirements

Capital requirements play a key role in the supervision and regulation of banks. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is in the process of changing the current framework by introducing risk sensitive capital charges. Some fear that this will unduly increase the volatility of regulatory capital. Furthermore, by limiting the banks’ ability to lend, capital requirements may exacerbate an economic downturn. The paper examines the problem of capital-induced lending cycles and their pro-cyclical effect on the macroeconomy in greater detail. It finds that the capital buffer that banks hold on top of the required minimum capital plays a crucial role in mitigating the impact of the volatility of capital requirements.     

Bank capital and economic activity

Banks argue that holding higher capital will have adverse implications on their lending activities and thereby on economic growth. Yet, the effect of a stronger capital base on economic growth remains largely unsettled. We argue that better capitalized banks improve financial stability conditions and, in dire times, they are able to sustain credit to the economy thereby containing adverse macroeconomic implications. Using various methods, we test for the presence and strength of a financial stability channel and a bank lending channel by drawing evidence from 47 advanced and developing countries over close to two decades. We find that higher capital ratios improve financial stability and help sustain bank lending, ultimately exerting a positive influence on economic activity. These effects on real GDP growth are economically significant, reaching up to 1¼ percentage points for each percentage point acceleration in capital. Our main results are robust to various sensitivity checks, supporting the conclusion that safer banking systems do not bridle economic activity.     

应用 Hedonic 估值方法的资本服务测算方式探究

学术界已有较多对于资本存量和资本服务核算的测量方法。文章通过 HV 估值方法使用差别化数据测算国内建筑类资本品的经验折旧,而不是使用以往所熟悉的永续盘存法。同时也给出了经济学文献中两种理论方法的对比研究：PIM 方法的若干假定与及 HV 方法使用市场价格的信息问题。回顾了资本服务测算的主要方面,即效率-年龄函数、折旧水平、指数问题与用户成本方法的应用前景。鉴于经济增长过程中资本服务相关性和动态变化,相应变量的准确测量是至关重要的。鉴于 HV 方法测算资本服务还处在探索和尝试阶段,文章尝试将资本存量与资本服务纳入统一框架体系,并就资本服务核算如何纳入国民账户体系以对我国资本项目进行测算精度研究。这一研究具有重要理论和实践意义。     

币值低估和投机性资本流入的演化模型

利用演化博弈模型分析了在币值低估和预期升值条件下,投机性资本流入的演化路径和均衡结构。研究表明：在确定性演化博弈中,投机性资本流入存在着两个均衡,即少数投机者选择投机或者全部投机者都选择投机,这些均衡依赖于其初始状态和收益函数;在随机性演化博弈中,只要存在尝试调整策略的学习过程,即使尝试调整的概率趋向于零,投机性资本流入的演化结果最终都只会收敛于一个长期均衡,并且这一均衡与经济基础密切相关。     

基于Copula函数的保险公司经济资本配置研究

经济资本的度量及配置是风险管理的核心内容。本文利用Copula函数构建保险公司总体风险的联合分布函数,结合TCE方法来度量保险公司经济资本,并利用动态规划方法对经济资本最优配置模型求解。最后结合中国人民财产保险股份有限公司的数据进行实证。通过研究发现,我国财险公司内部偿付能力状况较好,但险种结构有待优化。     

再论经济转轨中的流动资金贷款问题

流动资金紧张一直是困扰我国企业的一个难题,但这一问题却不是仅仅依靠银行增加流动资金贷款供应数量就能解决的,其背后隐藏着深刻的经济和体制原因。本文从经济制度的转轨与变迁,以及社会资金配置方式与经济增长、发展的内在联系等宏观视角出发,深入分析了我国企业流动资金配置方式的变迁过程,揭示企业流动资金紧张与银行流动资金贷款高不良率等问题形成的逻辑,提出化解这些难题的整体战略思路:在宏观战略层面上,转变发展战略和改革社会资金配置方式;在微观操作层面上,改进企业、银行以及政府的微观机制,使其行为和相互关系更为科学合理。     

社会资本与企业发展

单纯用经济资本理论不能解释诸多的经济问题,把社会资本引入经济学领域,就会克服这一局限。同时也意味着除了物质资本和人力资本外,经济活动者所拥有的社会资源也可以进入经济活动中,作为另一种类型的资本而发挥作用。而社会资本则是通过人际之间的合作达到促进社会发展的目的。     

国际资本异常流动对经济增长的异质性影响——基于新兴经济体与发达经济体的比较

本文利用64个经济体1999-2017年季度数据,基于IV-GMM方法研究国际资本异常流动对经济增长的影响。总样本的回归结果表明,资本流动激增显著推动经济增长;资本流动中断和撤回抑制经济发展;资本流动外逃对经济增长没有显著影响。此外,国际资本异常流动对新兴经济体和发达经济体经济增长的影响呈现明显异质性。新兴经济体资本流动激增和中断对经济增长的影响程度明显高于发达经济体,资本流动撤回仅对发达经济体经济增长具有显著的负效应。新兴经济体经济增长仅对激增和中断较为敏感,体现其对国际资本具有较高的依存度。     

The measurement and recognition of intangible assets: then and now

“In the Fortune 500 there are thousands upon thousands of statistics that reveal very little that’s meaningful about the corporations they purportedly describe. At least that’s the verdict of a growing number of forward-thinking market watchdogs, academics, accountants, and others.”(Fortune, April 2001). In today’s economy value is often created by intangible (intellectual) capital. The accounting profession has not met the challenge of measuring and reporting the results of knowledge-based entities. The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia estimates that in the year 2000 more than US$ 1 trillion was invested in Intangibles. The problems relating to the measurement and recognition of intangibles are international in scope.This paper reviews existing and recently promulgated US, UK, and IASC accounting standards relating to Intangibles. Inconsistencies in the measurement and reporting of Intangibles under US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are highlighted, and evidence is provided that suggests that recognition of Intangible (Intellectual) Capital is in accordance with existing accounting principles In particular, the newly promulgated Financial Accounting Standards Statements on Business Combinations, Goodwill, and other Intangibles is reviewed. The objective of the comparisons to UK and IASC standards and the review is to provide evidence that will improve the measurement and reporting of intangible (intellectual) capital and facilitate harmonization. Improving the global financial reporting infrastructure will ultimately lead to the reporting of relevant and reliable quality earnings.     

实物资本、资本体现式技术进步与经济增长的关系研究

本文通过对安徽省实物资本与经济增长长期变动关系的研究发现,2000年后实物资本的高速增长使实物资本边际报酬与实物资本产出弹性下降速度的有所减缓,因此仔在资本体现式的技术进步阻止了实物资本利用效率的下降。在对实物资本区分为设备资本和建筑资本,并重新核算基础上,利用新古典增长模型测算出安徽省设备资本的边际报酬的变动趋势,分析得出由于仔在设备资本积累引致的资本体现式技术进步,安徽省实物资本加速积累带来的经济增长是有效率的。     

Is Working Capital Information Useful for Financial Analysts? Evidence from China

Financial analysts are important information intermediaries in the capital market. This study investigates whether information about working capital management is useful for financial analysts of Chinese firms. With a sample of listed companies from 2004 to 2014, we find that the efficiency of working capital management is positively associated with the number of analyst following and analyst forecast accuracy, and negatively associated with analyst forecast dispersion. Specifically, when the cash conversion cycle becomes longer, number of analyst following and the accuracy of their mean forecasts decrease, while the forecast dispersion increases. The findings of this study indicate a potential mechanism through which information about working capital management is incorporated in stock price in emerging markets such as China.     

Tax Competition and Foreign Capital

This paper derives welfare equivalence of double taxation rules in a tax competition model with discriminatory home taxes and the ability to finance subsidiary operations with host country capital. For a more general model, we provide sufficient conditions on the number of host sectors and factors that support double-tax-rule equivalence. Examples violating these conditions help identify economic factors under which a home country has strict preferences over double taxation rules. If the home tax rate can influence host factor prices, the home country weakly prefers deductions over credits as in the pure-home-equity financing case.     

人民币国际化进程中的资本账户开放

自2009年我国政府推出一系列人民币国际化政策后,跨境贸易人民币结算业务快速推进。随着海外人民币的增多,国外经济主体需要通过投资活动使其持有的人民币资产保值增值,这就要求旧内的金融市场作出相应的制度安排,其中资本账户开放已成为不可回避的问题。资本账户的开放会对宏观经济管理产生不确定影响,所以需要把握好开放的力度与节奏。要坚持主动性、渐进性与可控性原则,最大程度降低资本账户开放带来的风险。     

Timeliness of Reporting and Earnings Information Transfers

This study examines earnings timeliness and its effect on earnings information transfers. Empirical analyses focus on a sample of approximately fifteen hundred earnings reports and nearly four thousand information transfers. The principal findings are: (1) earlier earnings releases yield negative information transfers, (2) earnings releases yield negative (nominal) information transfers to firms that previously (subsequently) release their earnings reports, and (3) earlier earnings releases yield negative information transfers to firms that have not yet disclosed earnings. These findings show that the timing of earnings reports has significant and far-reaching economic consequences.     

公司治理、融资效率与经济增长

由于不良的公司治理使更多的劳动和资本资源配置到经理的私人收益上，只要劳动所创造的边际私人收益为正，经理人就会减少公司红利或利息，对公司股权融资或债权融资造成不利影响，从而降低融资效率，减少产出，影响经济增长。提高经理人市场和资本市场的完全竞争性，可以有效地降低因公司治理结构的不完善而带来的资源效率的损失，提高融资效率，促进经济增长。     

股权融合下的中国银行保险新发展：理论与实证

中国银行保险的股权融合发展至今,形式不断多样,从借道香港、参与IPO认购、参股入股到直接并购;主体不断增多,不同规模、不同性质的银行与保险公司均有参与。这一现象既可以用规模经济、范围经济和内部资本市场等理论加以解释,又是国内银行与保险公司在监管政策的推动下出于财务投资或战略投资的现实决策。采用事件研究法以“平深恋”为例...     

An Analysis of Bank Charter Value and Its Risk-Constraining Incentives

Valuable bank charters have been hypothesized to provide bank managers self-regulatory incentives to constrain their risk taking. However, this paper presents evidence that charter value itself may derive from high-risk activities, indicating that minimizing risk taking also would limit the value of the charter. During economic expansions, bank charter values increase to reflect growth opportunities. In turn, high-charter-value banks gain easier access to equity capital sources for expansion. The result is a positive relationship between charter value and capital ratios during expansions. However, this relationship may invert during economic contractions. Panel regressions demonstrate that the charter value and bank leverage relationship is sensitive to market conditions.