我国"非京都规则"森林碳汇市场构建研究

由于市场容量固定、操作复杂，“京都规则”森林碳汇市场不可能成为解决我国林业生态效益补偿的主要方式。借鉴“京都规则”森林碳汇市场的成功经验，积极建设我国“非京都规则”的森林碳汇市场，应是森林碳汇市场发展的重点。研究了构建“非京都规则”森林碳汇市场的必要性，以及扩大森林碳汇需求、保证森林碳汇供给和规范森林碳汇市场交易秩序的具体措施。     

西部地区森林碳汇供给可持续发展机制研究

森林碳汇是缓解全球变暖的重要手段之一,森林碳汇交易具有巨大的潜在经济价值。西部地区森林资源丰富,蕴含丰富的森林碳汇。通过分析我国及各地区森林资源现状,探讨了西部地区森林碳汇供给潜力及面临的困境。结合存在的问题,构建了西部森林碳汇可持续发展机制的框架体系,并从森林碳汇持续供给角度建立了森林资源储备与碳汇持续供给的激励机制模式、林业现代化建设与碳汇产权和储量明晰的市场保障机制模式、森林碳汇公共产品供需平衡的政府宏观管理机制模式,系统阐释了各模式中的要素,提出了建设发展西部碳汇功能区的建议。     

我国试点森林碳汇交易运行机制研究

森林碳汇在应对全球气候变化中作用重大。当前国际市场开展森林碳汇交易的主要模式是CDM(清洁发展机制),而我国作为主要的碳汇供应国,处于碳汇交易的底端,缺乏话语权。因此,我国有必要推进森林碳汇参与碳交易体系,从森林碳汇市场的参加主体和运行机制两个方面不断完善我国碳交易体系。     

基于Web的森林碳汇信息服务系统的研究

分析我国森林碳汇贸易领域存在的问题，认为在本质上这些问题主要由于森林碳汇市场上存在的信息不完全所导致的，并提出构建基于Web的森林碳汇信息服务系统能较好地解决目前的问题。通过全面分析森林碳汇项目实施流程，以我国森林碳汇项目实施中各参与者的需求为出发点，将信息技术与森林碳汇贸易相结合，给出了一个基于Web的森林碳汇信息服务系统的解决方案。     

森林管理项目纳入我国碳补偿自愿市场必要性分析

在结合我国目前的森林管理现状和我国碳补偿自愿市场的需求,对改善森林管理项目在我国履行与林业有关的国际公约、提高企业环保形象、维护国家生态安全等方面所具有的意义进行分析的基础上,对将改善森林管理项目纳入我国碳补偿自愿市场的必要性进行了分析,结果表明:将改善森林管理项目作为我国碳补偿自愿市场的一种项目类型对于建立和完善我国碳汇交易体系、发挥林业在缓解我国温室气体排放中的作用、实现碳汇资源的最优配置具有极其重要的意义。     

森林碳汇与经济增长的互动关系

基于1998—2018年的林业数据,采用边际碳减排成本作为森林碳汇价格的代理变量,构建森林碳汇与经济增长的面板向量自回归模型(PVAR),从经济价值角度探析森林碳汇与经济增长的长期互动关系。结果表明:经济增长通过加大对森林自然资本的投资、改变林产品消费结构和产业结构、转变林业发展方式三条路径促进森林碳汇发展;但是,由于中国以生态建设为主的森林经营理念和森林碳汇市场功能不完全,以至于森林碳汇"抑制"经济增长。鉴于经济增长推动森林碳汇发展而森林碳汇在短时间内"抑制"经济增长,建议加快健全森林碳汇交易平台、完善森林碳汇定价机制、合理界定森林碳汇产权、加强森林管理和提高森林质量,促进森林碳汇与经济增长融合发展。     

供需视域下森林碳汇研究综述与展望

随着全国碳交易市场启动以及碳汇造林再造林项目的开展,如何有效推进森林碳汇供需对接已成为森林碳汇研究普遍关注的重要议题。文章从供需视角出发系统地梳理森林碳汇研究前沿观点与成果。研究表明:森林碳汇发挥经济、社会与生态三重效益,对区域经济发展和地区扶贫作用凸显;"京都规则"下森林碳汇需求动力不足,以制度创新助推碳排放企业森林碳汇需求急需探讨;我国森林碳汇供给潜力巨大,森林碳汇供给主体纵向一体化和科学的碳汇计量方法是森林碳汇供给基础条件;森林碳汇市场构建与森林资源可持续经营问题值得思考。     

我国森林碳汇项目激励模型研究

从激励的角度予以分析,认为制约我国森林碳汇项目发展的因素包括产权制度缺陷、市场运行中交易成本过高和碳汇供给不足三类。并结合经济学和管理学相关知识,提出以产权交易模型、市场规范模型和政府协调模型———"三轮驱动"的激励模式,以促进我国森林碳汇项目的发展。     

构建我国林业碳汇交易市场管理机制几点思考

探讨了我国林业碳汇交易市场现状及建立的必要性。认为,全球碳贸易规模逐年增大,世界碳交易平台初步搭建。中国的大排放量使其具备碳交易的巨大潜力。国际碳汇市场的发展推动了中国林业碳汇市场的建立。借鉴国外碳汇交易市场发展的理论与实践,对构建我国林业碳汇管理机制提出政策建议,发挥政府与非政府组织在林业碳汇交易市场管理中的作用,明确交易主体、客体及其碳汇权属,规范林业碳汇交易的程序和步骤,制定并完善林业碳汇交易的法律体系。     

构建森林生态补偿市场化激励机制的探讨——以神龙架林区为例

以湖北神农架林区为例,分析了建立森林生态补偿市场化机制的必要性与可行性,提出了森林生态建设政策扶持与市场化相结合的发展思路:加大政府扶持力度,处理好林区民生问题;继续实施公益林和商品林的区别化政策;充分利用森林生态资源发展旅游经济;引入市场激励机制,大力发展森林碳汇市场。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。