我国农民收入增长决定因素的经济学分析

本文借用国民收入核算理论，认为农民“农业收入增长问题”与“农业产业的经济增长问题”实质相同，因而借鉴现代经济增长理论来分析农民收入增长问题。通过对农民收入函数的分析，得出影响农民收入的因素是单位农产品增加值，农产品总量和农业人口三项，并进一步从这三个方面来考察我国农民收入低下的原因和提出相应的对策建议。     

农民收入变化与就业选择——以福州市农民收入结构变化为例

文章通过对农民收入结构变化的分析，表明工资性收入已成为农民收入增长的主要因素。因此，农民收入问题已不是单纯的“三农”问题，而是农民的非农化问题，即农业劳动力转移问题。农业劳动力转移具有趋利性，但绝非投机性，农业劳动力转移是在转移成本和收益的多种力量权衡下的理性选择。这一选择的成功性需要政策层面的支持，需要政府创造优良的转移宏观环境。     

制约农民增收的五大主要因素

随着我国经济社会的发展,制约农民收入增长的因素也在发生着重大的变化。过去,影响农民增收的主要因素是农产品的产量和农产品的价格。现在,影响农民收入增长的因素已不是单方面农产品及其价格的人为提升问题,而是多种因素促成的。农民负担过重、剩余劳动力转移困难、农产品价格回升慢、农业结构不合理、农业生产投资不足等,都是制约     

我国农民收入增长缓慢因素分析

农民增收问题是＂三农＂问题的核心。本文通过对农民收入增长变化及特征、各种制约农民收入增长的因素进行分析,得出目前我国农民收入增长问题是一个值得政府高度重视的问题的结论。同时,从大力发展乡镇企业,加强农村剩余劳动力转移;努力促进农业科技进步;加快农业产业结构调整;提高农村人口的教育水平等方面提出促进农民收入增长的建议。     

我国农民收入增长缓慢因素分析

农民增收问题是"三农"问题的核心.本文通过对农民收入增长变化及特征、各种制约农民收入增长的因素进行分析,得出目前我国农民收入增长问题是一个值得政府高度重视的问题的结论.同时,从大力发展乡镇企业,加强农村剩余劳动力转移;努力促进农业科技进步;加快农业产业结构调整;提高农村人口的教育水平等方面提出促进农民收入增长的建议.     

促进农民增收的理性思考

近几年来，农民收入增长缓慢，成为影响农业发展和农村稳定的根本问题。如何化解不利因素，增加农民收入，事关全面建设小康社会事业大局。本分析了农民收入增长缓慢的一些原因，提出了增加农民收入的若干思考。     

深化财税体制改革确保农民收入增长

“三农”问题的核心是农民收入问题。影响我国农民收入增长的因素是多方面的，而与城乡二元结构相联系的国民收入分配与再分配不公，是制约农民收入增长的重要因素。为了解决这个问题，客观上要求必须深化农村税费改革和财政体制改革，逐步建立城乡统一税制和城乡平等的公共财政体制。     

新疆农民收入影响因素的实证分析

农业不仅是国民经济的基础,也是新疆绝大多数地区经济的主体.在农业人口占全疆总人口2/3的大背景下,如何从根本上解决农民收入的增长问题,已经成为目前经济社会发展中需要研究的重要课题.本文从信贷支持、农林牧渔业总产值等较为重要的影响因素作为切入点,对影响农民收入的因素进行了定性分析,建立计量经济模型进行了定量研究,并结合计量经济分析的回归结果分析影响农民收入的影响因素,提出了促进农民增收的政策建议.     

新疆农业投资对农民收入影响实证分析

农业投资是农民收入增长的关键因素,本文以新疆为例,选取农民人均纯收入作为新疆农业投资效益的主要指标,农业财政投入、农户固定资产投入和农业信贷投入作为影响农民收入增长的主要投资因素,并通过计量模型分析了农民投资与主要影响因素之间的关系,提出了关于增加农业投资,促进农民增收的建议.     

对增加农民收入的几点思考

农民收入增长缓慢是当前我国农业和农村经济中表现最为突出的问题，增加农民收入也是关系到我国国民经济稳步发展的关键问题之一。本文拟从我国农民收入的构成入手，通过对农民收入增长缓慢产生原因的分析，对增加农民收入谈一些认识。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.