中小股东"在线发声"与企业会计稳健性——来自雪球论坛的证据

长期以来,中小股东参与公司治理的实际效果饱受质疑,而社交媒体为中小股东提供的"在线发声"平台极大地扭转了中小股东边缘化的弱势局面.文章基于2013-2017年雪球股票论坛的讨论帖数据,分析了中小股东在雪球股票论坛的讨论对企业会计稳健性的影响及其机制.研究发现,中小股东在社交媒体上的在线讨论显著提高了被讨论公司下一年的会计稳健性,这一作用主要通过增加监管介入、抑制大股东掏空和降低企业盈余管理水平实现.此外,社交媒体讨论提高会计稳健性降低了债务融资成本,增加了股东权益保护,提高了公司业绩.因此,社交媒体已成为影响会计稳健性的重要因素,是中小股东参与公司治理的新"通道".文章的研究有助于揭示社交媒体的公司治理价值,丰富和更新中小股东在公司治理中的作用和功能,为会计稳健性的影响因素研究提供新的视角与证据.     

股权分置改革的重新审视:一个文献综述

对管理层进行股权激励的目的是使管理层和股东的利益一致,从而减少代理成本,达到保护股东利益的效果。中国自2006年正式颁布法规对管理层股权激励进行规范,其实际效果如何?文章以2006年已经实施股权激励的公司为样本,对实施前后全体股东的利益和中小股东的利益情况、实施与未实施股权激励的公司股东利益情况分别进行研究,得出实施管理层股权激励对全体股东有利,同时并未影响大股东侵害中小股东的程度的结论。     

中小股东权益受到侵害的原因和对策

本文提出了现在企业中中小股东的权益受到不同程度侵害的现状,并分析了由于市场上的监管和法律的不完善,上市公司自身制度的缺陷以及投资者自身的问题等造成了中小股东权益受到侵害的现状。然后,本文就市场、上市公司和中小股东三方面提出了应该如何采取措施保护中小股东的权益。     

完善证券市场中小投资者的法律保护制度

证券市场上中小投资者一直处于弱势地位,缺乏有效保护。中小投资者的保护水平对一国证券市场的良性发展至关重要。中小投资者法律权益主要包括：股东知情权、股东对公司事务监督权、股东分红权以及股东诉权。应当注重完善证券市场信息披露制度,建立独立高效的证券司法体系,建立专门的中小投资者保护组织,提高政府监管效率,以提高对中小投资者的法律保护水平。     

中小股东网络监督与企业金融资产配置

本文以2008—2020年中国A股上市公司为样本，考察中小股东网络监督对企业金融资产配置的影响。研究发现，中小股东网络监督显著抑制了企业金融资产配置，发挥了治理效应，并且这一治理效应通过提高媒体关注度、增加监管问询以及提高信息披露质量实现。进一步研究发现，当公司负面网络舆论较多、散户投资者较多、管理层持股比例较低以及机构投资者持股比例较低时，中小股东网络监督对企业金融资产配置的抑制作用更为明显。本研究丰富了中小股东网络监督的经济后果研究，并为完善中小投资者的保护机制，实现上市公司高质量发展提供了理论支持与经验证据。     

公司治理中的股东区别对待

<正> 公司治理是在投资者所有权和经营权分离的情况下,合理配置所有者和经营者之间的权利和责任,保护所有股东利益的一种制度安排。通过既分权又能相互制衡的制度安排来降低经营权的代理成本和代理风险。我国的股份公司大多由企业改制而来,“一股独大”现象严重,控股股东借助其特殊地位,控制股东大会和董事会,越权行事,以达到侵占公司和中小股东的利益的目的。中小股东成为股份公司尤其是上市公司股东中的弱势群体,改变中小股东的弱势地位成为公司治理的一项亟待解决的课题。通过制度安排,区别对待股东,约束控股股东的行为,保护中小股东的权利行使,应成为完善公司治理的一项重要内容。     

投服中心行权与控股股东利益侵占——基于关联交易视角

控股股东利益侵占问题是中国证券市场的“顽疾”,近年来证监会采取了一系列监管措施,但仍然收效甚微。文章通过手工收集整理中证中小投资者服务中心行权数据,考察了投服中心行权对上市公司控股股东利益侵占行为的治理效应。研究发现,投服中心的行权有效抑制了上市公司控股股东的利益侵占行为；且这一作用是通过提高中小股东在利益侵占相关议案中的投票率、提高上市公司的媒体负面关注度和增加其面临的诉讼风险实现的。进一步分析发现,上述治理效应在内外部治理环境较差的上市公司中更为显著,且当投服中心采取公开发声和参加股东大会这两种方式行权时,对控股股东利益侵占行为的治理效果更显著。文章拓展了中小投资者保护的相关研究,为投服中心保护中小投资者提供了更加直接的证据,对保护中小投资者和投服中心未来开展工作具有重要借鉴意义。     

上市公司治理中控制股东与中小股东的代理问题

本研究了上市公司治理中控制股东与中小股东之间委托代理关系的形成,并强调了控制股东与中小股东之间股权代理关系在市场实践中的重要性已远大于公司股东与经营层之间的委托代理关系。为研究控制股东与中小股东之间的代理成本来源,本建立了一个分析模型,研究的结果是控制股东为获得控制收益而进行的控制活动所造成的公司股权价值的损失是代理成本的来源,模型的实践意义在于：完整,严格的信息披露与股本的全部流通,是降低股权代理成本保护中小股东利益的政策着力点。     

控制权收益与超控制权收益——基于企业能力理论的视角

多数文献将控制权收益定性为控股股东对中小股东利益的侵害,是一种掏空公司的行为。从企业能力理论视角来说,控股股东是基于其独特的组织资源和能力获取控制权收益,这种收益具有合理性,它是对控制性股东卓越组织能力的回报以及在组织过程中对控制权成本的补偿。而超控制权收益则是控股股东组织能力之外的滥用权力和钻法律漏洞所获得的一种非生产性回报,不具有系统性和可持续性,表现为对中小股东和其他利益相关者的侵害和掠夺。对控股股东侵害的规制,应在保护其合理控制权收益的基础上遏制其超控制权收益。     

筑起中小股东利益的防护堤——谈我国股东表决权信托制度之构建

股东表决权信托是股东表决权的行使与信托原理相结合的产物,其实质是利用信托的方式对股东表决权进行重新安排,以实现股东对公司的控制,同时在保护中小股东利益上发挥着重大功用。探讨构建我国股东表决权信托制度的目的在于,完善我国中小股东利益保护制度,最终促进我国公司立法与实践的进步。     

中国企业环境保护合规风险防范机制与对策

国内外环境保护形势的变化要求我国企业必须实现环保合规经营。由于历史原因,我国企业走的是广义“违规”的路子,这种“违规”惯性导致我国企业正面临很大的“环境保护合规风险”。加强我国企业环境保护合规风险防范机制建设是我国企业进行环境保护合规风险识别、防范和补救的关键。本文应用制度经济学的基本研究框架,在分析我国企业环境保护外部环境、内部风险控制制度以及我国企业环境保护合规现状的基础上,提出了加强我国企业环境保护合规风险防范机制的结论及相关对策。     

HIPAA: update on rule revisions and compliance requirements

Due to the highly technical requirements for HIPAA compliance and the numerous administrative and clinical functions and processes involved, guidance from experts who are knowledgeable about systems design and use to secure private data is necessary. In health care organizations, this will require individuals who are knowledgeable about clinical processes and those who understand health information technology, security, and privacy to work together to establish an entity's compliance plans and revise operations and practices accordingly. As a precondition of designing such systems, it is essential that covered entities understand the HIPAA's statutory requirements and timeline for compliance. An organization's success in preparing for HIPAA will depend upon an active program of assessment, planning, and implementation. Compliance with security and privacy standards can be expected to increase costs initially. However, greater use of EDI is expected to reduce costs and enhance revenues in the long run if processes and systems are improved. NOTE: Special protection for psychotherapy notes holds them to a higher standard of protection. Notes used only by a psychotherapist are not intended to be shared with anyone and are not considered part of the medical record.     

排污权交易政策对企业环保行为的传导机制研究

从企业的目标函数和生产函数两个角度出发,分析了排污权交易政策对企业环保行为的影响机理,并讨论了排污权交易政策下企业的环保行为选择。研究发现：排污权交易政策通过影响企业的资本要素分配,从而影响企业环境资源的使用成本,进而影响企业的生产和环保行为决策;在排污权交易政策的作用下,企业主要采取不同的污染治理投资策略来满足该政策的规制。基于此,政府应制定配套政策和措施,引导企业沿着“政策遵从—环保投资策略—新环保技术采纳”的行为选择路径进行行为决策,以实现排污权交易政策的目标。     

Tax morale,fiscal capacity,and war

This paper studies the effects of mobilization for war on the development of fiscal capacity and the values of tax compliance (tax morale). We propose a dynamic setting where governments may invest resources to improve the efficiency of the fiscal apparatus and the citizens' tax morality in order to raise the necessary revenues for the defense against a threat (external or internal), and parents optimally choose to transmit their preferences of tax compliance to children. Despite fiscal capacity and tax morale are initially substitutes, we show how a dynamic complementarity may arise in equilibrium from a more efficient transmission of the values of tax compliance in countries with high fiscal capacity, and this may explain why they tend to move together over time. Under reasonable conditions, we obtain that the effect of a higher threat of war on the steady-state level of the culture of tax compliance is negative when fiscal capacity is relatively low, and positive when the latter is large. We show cross-country evidence based on war frequency, fiscal capacity, and tax morale that is consistent with the results of our theory.     

Effects of permitted effluent limits on environmental compliance levels

This paper empirically analyzes the effects of permitted effluent limits on compliance levels - discharges relative to limits - at individual polluting facilities. In particular, it constructs and employs effluent limit-related regressors that measure the differences between the actual effluent limit level imposed on a particular facility for a given month and three benchmarks: federally-mandated standard for effluent limit level, a particular facility's average effluent limit level over a specified period (e.g., entire sample period), and preceding monthly limit at a particular facility (i.e., transition to new limit). By examining the effects of effluent limit levels as measured relative to these three benchmarks, this paper explores whether limit stringency affects compliance level choices (e.g., more stringent limits undermine compliance), whether adjustments to treatment are non-smooth (“lumpy”), and whether quick adjustments are difficult. Evidence of these possibilities would have meaningful implications for environmental protection policies.     

Determinants of Anti‐Trafficking Policies: Evidence from a New Index

We develop an index measuring the three main dimensions – prosecution, protection, and prevention – of the anti‐trafficking policies of the governments of up to 180 countries over the 2000?2010 period. Overall, developed countries perform better than the rest of the world; compliance with prosecution policy is highest, while governmental efforts to protect victims of human trafficking remain weakest. We employ the new indices to investigate which factors determine anti‐trafficking policies. We find that compliance with anti‐trafficking policies significantly decreases with corruption and is higher in countries that also respect the rights of women. We also find some tentative evidence for spatial dependence in anti‐trafficking policies.     

我国运用“合规性”贸易壁垒的策略研究

近年来中国成为全世界遭受反倾销、反补贴、保障措施等"合规性"贸易壁垒最多的目标国,与此同时我国也在逐渐学习运用"合规性"贸易壁垒来保护本国的产业。文章通过大量详实数据分析了近年来中国运用"合规性"贸易壁垒的主要方式和对象国,中国运用最多是反倾销,同时使用技术性贸易壁垒也比较多。中国运用"合规性"贸易壁垒的对象国主要集中于美国、欧盟、日本、韩国。详细分析了中国运用"合规性"贸易壁垒的产品分布。运用反倾销贸易指数来衡量中国运用"合规性"贸易壁垒的力度,发现同其他发展中国家如印度比较,我国运用反倾销的力度较弱。最后提出我国运用"合规性"贸易壁垒的策略。     

An Integrated Strategy to Reduce Monitoring and Enforcement Costs

A policy of effective environmental protection, inthe present political atmosphere, will requirelow-cost monitoring and enforcement (M&E) strategiesthat do not rely on draconian penalties. Infinite oreven very high penalties for environmental violationsare socially and politically unacceptable.Environmental violations are often classed as civiloffenses, and the occurrence of a violation may bethought insufficient to establish intent. If penaltiesare upper-bounded and each firm is inspected randomly,compliance cannot be maintained with arbitrarily smallinspection probabilities and, hence, small agencycosts. In this paper we examine possibilities forreducing agency M&E costs, including the requirementfor self-reports of effluents and the adjustment ofthe inspection probability to reflect a firm'scompliance or reporting reputation.     

The threat of regulatory environmental inspection: impact on plant performance

The expected costs of violating a regulation would typically increase if the probability of regulatory inspection increases. Thus, changes in the anticipated threat of inspection should affect firm compliance. Like environmental protection agencies in several other countries, the Norwegian agency typically emphasizes compliance with institutional requirements (e.g. firm-internal routines and auditing systems) rather than emission caps. Using a panel dataset of polluting Norwegian plants, we find that the threat of inspection significantly reduces the probability of serious violation. However, emissions are not significantly affected. We point at various reasons for the regulator to emphasize institutional requirements, but we also argue that the lack of effect on emissions encourages the agency to review the pros and cons of the common emphasis on institutional requirements over emissions.      

Kleptocracy and tax evasion under resource abundance

Evidence has shown that petroleum wealth is associated with less transparency and at the same time less tax collection. In this paper, we find that the two issues are linked through the citizens’ tax evasion behavior. We develop a model to explain this link and conduct extensive empirical tests of its validity. The explanation is that officials tradeoff greater transparency to improve tax compliance against less transparency to increase gains from corruption. Oil windfalls diminish tax revenue needs, causing officials to optimize on less transparency. Seeing this, citizens optimize on a lower level of tax compliance. At equilibrium, both decline with a positive oil shock. We also study the alternative channel in which tax compliance responds to enforcement. Transparency is found to be the more robust channel. Ignoring citizens’ strategic behavior would lead to predicting suboptimal investment in state capacity for tax enforcement. Using giant oil discoveries data combined with oil price data, we develop a dynamic composite instrument and estimate the model with a dynamic panel system generalized method of moments. We find robust support for our explanation and the model's deep structure for 130+ countries and the 1980–2010 period.