ACCOUNTING FOR CAPITAL IN THE FARM BUSINESS

The management accounting procedures used in British farming usually deal inadequately with the capital aspects of the farm business. This has stemmed in part from the failure to study solvency as well as profitability, and partly from too great a reliance upon the data from the Farm Management Survey. Certain aspects of depreciation are also discussed.     

The effects of real exchange rate depreciation on stochastic producer prices in low-income agriculture

This paper considers the effects of real exchange rate depreciation on stochastic agricultural producer prices in low-income agriculture. Conventional wisdom, that real depreciation achieved through nominal currency devaluation stimulates tradables production, does not universally hold in the presence of stochastic prices. In fact, real depreciation is only stimulative in two cases–importables that remain importable and nontradables that become exportable. GARCH estimation of time-series price data on several commodities from Madagascar support the hypotheses generated by the analytical model.     

乌兰察布市及其周边各旗（县）农业产业结构调整研究

目的 通过对乌兰察布市农业产业结构调整的经济效益进行定量和定性的分析研究,为该市农业产业结构调整以及农业产业经济发展提供有益借鉴。方法 文章运用综合比较优势指数测算农业产业的比较优势,构建产值增长贡献率模型分析农业结构调整对农业经济的影响,并对农业产业结构调整与农业经济增长的影响关系进行回归分析。结果 乌兰察布市农业产业的显著综合比较优势主要集中在集宁区、卓资县、四子王旗、察哈尔右翼前旗,并且多数农业产业的规模比较优势相较于产量比较优势更为突出;通过预测模型看出,农业产业结构调整对农业经济增长呈负向贡献率;从回归分析得出,小麦、玉米、莜麦、豆类、马铃薯、油料作物、蔬菜瓜果产值每增加1%会分别为乌兰察布市农业总产值带来0.020%、0.057%、0.015%、0.018%、0.223%、0.847%、0.468%的经济增量。结论 玉米、油料作物、蔬菜瓜果和马铃薯对农业产业总值推动力较强,小麦、豆类和莜麦对农业产业总值的推动力相对较弱;乌兰察布市农业结构调整对农业经济增长的影响不太显著。     

Pass-through of exchange rates and tariffs in Greek-US tobacco trade

The paper examines the extent to which exchange rate and unit tariff changes are passed-through in US import prices ot unmanufactured Greek oriental tobacco. The results indicate partial pass-through of exchange rates and tariffs. Exchange rate pass-through is about 0.272 and tariff pass-through about 0.185. One possible reason for the partial pass-through is oligopoly in tobacco exporting. Oligopoly would imply that depreciation of the drachma relative to the US dollar benefits tobacco exporters operating in Greece. A second possible reason is a possible correlation between exchange rates premiums paid to tobacco exporters in previous agricultural policies. An important implication ot this possible correlation is that Greek tobacco prices may be more sensitive lo exchange rate changes under the current agricultural policy.     

Estimating Farm Equipment Depreciation: Which Functional Form Is Best?

Farm equipment depreciation has been the focus of research in economics and engineering for more than 60 years. Using data from 16 years of auction sales, depreciation functions were estimated for 17 types of equipment, including tractors, combines, swathers, planters, discs, and trucks. The Box–Cox function did the best job of explaining variability in these various sales data bases and in forecasting prices in an out-of-sample data set. Nevertheless, the much less complicated double square root and sum-of-year's digits functions performed nearly as well. Simplified double square root estimates are provided for practitioners interested in forecasting equipment depreciation.     

我国农业高质量发展的机遇、问题及对策研究

[目的]农业高质量发展对于促进农业全面升级、农村全面进步、农民全面发展具有重要意义。[方法]文章采用文献研究法发现,当前,我国农业高质量发展的基础更加坚实,农业高质量发展应更加注重资源节约、更加注重环境友好、更加注重农产品质量、更加注重增加农民收入。[结果]我国农业高质量发展既面临着政策环境更加优越、市场空间更加宽广、创新驱动更加有力、内生动力更加强劲的大好机遇,但也面临着资源条件和生态环境两个"紧箍咒"对农业约束趋紧、农业产业结构亟待优化、农产品结构不尽合理、农产品质量安全水平亟需提升、农业特色优势产业不明晰、农产品区域品牌建设缓慢、农业现代物流业建设滞后等问题。[结论]应从加强顶层设计、推进农业绿色发展、大力优化农业产业结构、加快调整农产品供给结构、着力提升农产品质量安全水平、加快培育特色优势产业、推进农产品区域品牌建设、打造现代农业物流体系等方面推动农业高质量发展,不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。     

甘肃14市州“十二五”农业科技进步水平综合评价

[目的]市州农业科技进步是国家农业科技发展的基础,从微观层面测算农业科技进步贡献率,比较分析市州间农业科技进步水平及形成差异的原因,不仅可为各市州客观认识本地区农业科技发展水平提供依据,而且对明确未来发展现代农业的工作重点提供决策参考。[方法]文章运用增长速率方程法(Solow余值法),对"十二五"时期甘肃14市州农业科技进步贡献率进行测算,并进行聚类分析。[结果]农业科技进步贡献率在各市州间差异显著,呈明显的不均衡性。"低投入、低消耗、科技进步贡献率高"型2个市、"适度投入、适度消耗、科技进步贡献率较高"型5个市、"高投入、高消耗、科技进步贡献率有限"型5个市、"投入有限、消耗有限、科技进步贡献率低"2个市,表明提高市州农业科技贡献率、推动农业经济发展的潜力巨大。[结论]增强区域农业科技创新能力,提高农业科技成果推广及应用效益,提高农业从业人员的科技意识及水平,以及发展市州特色产业、壮大区域经济实力是甘肃省市州未来促进农业科技进步的重点方向。     

中国农业装备水平区域性影响因素的实证研究

本文针对我国农业装备水平区域性特征，建立截面和面板数据模型，对影响农业装备水平地区差异的主要因素进行了实证研究。结果表明，经济发展水平对农业装备水平的影响程度最大，土地经营规模次之，再次为种植结构。各地农业装备自然增长率的大小还与自然地理条件和农业结构有较大关系。     

库车县棉农农业技术需求的影响因素研究

随着新疆棉花产业现代化进程的不断推进,农业技术在棉花生产和经营过程中起着十分重要的推动作用,建立符合农户需求的新型农业技术服务体系是实现新疆棉区农业现代化的必由之路。文章通过对库车县的实地调查,运用二元Logistic回归模型,分析不同特征的棉农对最为迫切需要的三大农业技术需求的影响因素。结果表明,户主性别、户主年龄、当前是否务农、家庭年收入、样本村是否有农业合作社等5个变量分别通过显著性检验。其中,只有户主年龄在3个模型中都通过显著性检验,说明户主年龄是库车县棉农对农业技术需求的决定性因素。并基于研究结果提出改善库车县农业技术服务的对策建议。     

RELATIVE PRICE VARIABILITY AMONG AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AND MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

This paper develops measures of relative price variability among agricultural commodities in the UK farm sector for the period 1956-88. Econometric tests of the hypothesis that relative price variability is positively correlated with instability in the macroeconomy are carried out. The results indicate that UK agricultural commodity prices become more volatile relative to one another when the economy-wide inflation rate increases and when aggregate output becomes more variable. These findings suggest that UK producers and consumers of domestically grown farm products experience increased risk and uncertainty in their production and consumption decisions during periods of macroeconomic instability. The effects of UK entry into the European Community are also examined; no evidence is found to suggest that adoption of the Common Agricultural Policy reduced year-to-year relative price variability among agricultural commodities.     

基于抽样调查的我国大菱鲆养殖成本收益分析

借鉴国内外农产品成本收益分析指标体系的设立方法和相关研究理论,选取河北、辽宁、山东等主产区不同规模的27家鲆鲽鱼类养殖单位作为样本,就大菱鲆养殖成本及销售价格等数据进行调查统计,并利用对比分析法、盈亏平衡点分析法、敏感性分析以及建立计量模型等方法,对27个调查样本的相关数据进行成本收益分析,结果表明企业提高产销量对利润的提高影响积极,企业利润对单价是富有弹性的,而对于单位变动成本和固定成本来说是缺乏弹性的,企业能较快速收回成本的项目,饲料价格、用电费用、单位固定成本折旧和销售量对毛利润具有显著性的影响。     

黑龙江省农业综合开发评价及发展模式探讨

[目的]发展现代农业是促进我国经济社会快速发展的必然要求,结合当下现代化农业的发展情况,对黑龙江省农业综合开发进行评价,探讨多种农业发展的模式,为加快黑龙江省城镇化进程提供助力,为黑龙江省发展现代农业提供理论依据。[方法]通过实地调查法和文献查阅法对相关的研究内容进行汇总和分析。采用层次分析法(AHP)从基础资源设施、科技应用、生态建设、经济效益、政府管理、农村发展6个方面23个指标对黑龙江省农业综合开发进行评价,结合现代农业发展的趋势和黑龙江省农业业态配置情况,为黑龙江省未来农业发展模式提出建议。[结果]黑龙江省农业综合开发的评价指标体系中,生态建设和经济效益方面的权重值比较大,均为0.281 6;而农村发展、基础资源设施和政府管理水平有待提高。综合来看,黑龙江省农业综合开发整体较好,但是在其他方面存在发展不均衡的现象。[结论]黑龙江省农业综合开发进程良好,在农业发展中,基础资源设施、政府管理水平和农村发展水平都有待提高。今后,政府应该加强管理,重视生态文明建设,优化产业结构,发展"农业+生态"、"农业+旅游"、"农业+产业"等多种农业综合发展模式,促进黑龙江省农业更快速地发展,进而提升黑龙江省整体的城镇化水平。     

我国现代农业发展的演进分析

社会的发展阶段是客观存在的.同样,现代农业也将随着社会的不断进步呈现不同的阶段特征.本文在诸多专家学者已有研究成果的基础上,根据各时期的政策背景农业生产形势,结合《全国现代农业发展规划(2011 ～2015年)》提出的粮食综合生产能力、农村居民人均纯收入、农业机械总动力、有效灌溉面积等几大现代农业发展量化指标,将我国新中国成立以来现代农业的发展历程划分为经济复苏阶段、高速起步阶段、波动上升阶段、整顿调整阶段和全面提升阶段,并概括描述了每一阶段的主要特征.通过对现代农业的历程分析,进一步提出了我国现代农业的发展的不协调状态的4种表现,即粮食连年增产与农业基础设施落后的不协调、农民纯收入的增长速度与来自农业生产的收入增长速度不协调、农业GDP在国家整个GDP中的比重与国家用于发展现代农业的资金比重不协调、农业科技进步率的连年提高与农业劳动力的素质下降不协调.     

THE PROVISION OF CARBOHYDRATES FOR THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY'S BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

Biotechnology was originally identified as one of the leading-edge technologies the EC needed to support in order to maintain its industrial competitiveness: only subsequently was the scope for biotechnology in creating new uses for agricultural products seen as a potential outlet for agricultural surpluses. The development of new, biotechnologically-based products by the chemical industry has been hindered by the price of agricultural raw materials in the EC and the difficulty of negotiating arrangements to bring sugar and glucose prices, for the chemical industry, close to world levels. The negotiations to achieve this end were ultimately concluded successfully in 1986. These are described and a common carbohydrate supply policy called for to avoid such difficulties in the future.     

Pricing to market behaviour of India's high value agri‐food exporters: an empirical analysis of major destination markets

The pricing behaviour of India's high value agricultural and food exporters in their major destination markets is examined using a pricing‐to‐market (PTM) model for noncompetitive and exchange rate related pricing behaviour. The analysis was undertaken in a context where India is showing high commodity concentration in agricultural trade. The econometric analysis employed is panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) estimation technique. The results indicated evidence of a greater degree of imperfect competition either through price discrimination across destinations or through imperfect exchange rate pass‐through. The analysis of exchange rate effects showed that the local currency price stabilization by the Indian exporters were more prominent than the amplification of exchange rates. The analysis of the asymmetric effects of exchange rates on export prices showed that in most cases the depreciation of Indian rupee had a greater impact than the appreciation. Moreover the results showed that the exchange rate pass‐through is sensitive to the kind of exchange rate index utilised. In our analysis we found that the commodity specific exchange rate better predicts the pricing to market behaviour in most cases.     

ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT OF A GREEN CADASTRE FOR RURAL AREAS

The decrease in the area of agricultural land resulting from global population growth requires active monitoring and protective measures to prevent the loss of this valuable resource. In Poland, there is currently no single geographic information system comprehensively supporting agricultural policy. However, there are many dispersed systems containing various data on agricultural production. The aim of this study was to propose a concept for the development of a uniform Green Cadastre for Poland based on international guidelines and standards and national possibilities. The analyses revealed that the reference Land Administration System (LAS) integrated with databases of agricultural businesses can contribute to monitoring of agricultural land and support agricultural policy. The results were used to formulate conclusions about the three key determinants of the proposed Green Cadastre: key drivers, key content and key functionality. The discussed concept is fully consistent with Sustainable Development Goals, and it constitutes a comprehensive information system for the public administration and other parties.     

区域农村发展差距成因评价指标体系研究

论文采取定性与定量相结合的方法,以我国东、中、西部地区农村居民人均纯收入为主变量(Y),选择了31个指标为因子变量(X),构建区域农村发展差距成因评价指标体系,并对造成我国区域农村发展差距的关键因子进行相关分析。结果表明,东部地区达到显著水平以上的关键因子有21个,中部地为20个,西部地区为19个。进一步研究显示,人均非农行业总产值、农机总动力、化肥农药和薄膜、平均受教育年限、水土流失治理和除涝治碱面积、公路交通密度、人均农村用电量、人均水库库容量、粮食单产水平等12个因子是影响区域农村发展差距的关键因子。     

农业科技资源与农业经济发展的关系研究——以东部地区为例

农业科技资源是实现农业经济发展方式转变和农业经济可持续发展的重要因素,发展现代农业也迫切需要将农业科技资源与农业经济的发展有机结合起来。文章以研究农业科技资源与农业经济的关系为出发点,首先分析经济视角下农业的发展模式,了解到农业是温室气体的排放源之一,因此采用低耗能、低排放和零污染的发展模式对农业经济发展进行改造,实现农业的生产离不开科技资源,引用高科技技术、设备对促进农业经济发展至关重要。其次利用灰色关联度分析法对农业科技与农业经济之间的关联关系进行评价研究,从农业科技授予专利数量、农业新品种的数量以及农业科技论文数量等角度阐述科技对于农业经济发展的重要性及影响力,指出其为促进农业经济增长的先决条件,为实现农业化发展、改善农业发展结构提供科技保障。     

农业区域发展学科建设战略思考

贯彻落实2012年1号文件精神,推动农业区域发展学科创新建设,优化现代农业发展空间秩序。该文在总结近10年农业区域发展学科建设进展的基础上,分析了中国城镇化、经济全球化、全球气候变化以及国家主体功能区规划实施对我国现代农业的深刻影响及其对农业区域发展学科建设的新需求,研究提出了未来农业区域发展学科创新建设的基本思路、前沿方向和主要对策措施。     

Adding value to spatially managed inputs by understanding site-specific yield response

Many mechanized crop producers and agribusinesses are fascinated with precision agriculture technology, but adoption has lagged behind the expectations. Among the reasons for slow adoption of precision agriculture technology is that initial users focused excessively on in‐field benefits from variable‐rate fertilizer application using regional average fertilizer recommendations. This article illustrates how greater use of site‐specific crop response information can improve variable rate input application recommendations. Precision agriculture is spatial information technology applied to agriculture. The technologies include global position systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), yield monitoring sensors, and computer controlled within‐field variable rate application (VRA) equipment. Experimentation with these technologies is occurring everywhere there is large scale mechanized agriculture. Commercial use has been greatest in the US, where 43% of farm retailers offered VRA services in 2001. Except for certain high‐value crops like sugar beet, farmer adoption of VRA has been modest. The farm level profitability of VRA continues to be questionable for bulk commodity crops. The theoretical model and illustration presented here suggest that VRA fertilization has not yet reached its profitability potential. Most VKA field trials to date have relied upon existing state‐wide or regional input rate recommendations. Unobserved soil characteristics can potentially interact with an input to make its effect on yield vary site‐specifically within fields. Failure to use site‐specific response functions for VRA applications may lead to a misallocation of inputs just as great as that which results from using uniform applications instead of VRA. Agricultural economists have a long history of estimating output response to input applications. Several have started to develop tools to estimate site‐specific responses from yield monitor and other precision agriculture data. Likewise, agricultural economists have developed an important body of research results on information value based on managing variability—typically in temporal settings. With these tools, a major potential exists to develop further benefits from precision agriculture technologies that permit truly spatially tailored input applications.