中国、美国、欧盟反倾销法的差异比较和借鉴

美国和欧盟是我国重要的贸易伙伴,也是对我国提起反倾销申诉比较多的国家和地区。本文对中国、美国和欧盟反倾销法的主要差异进行了比较研究,指出了中国与美欧反倾销法的分歧和冲突,以及中国反倾销法的若干不足之处,为完善我国的反倾销法提供借鉴。     

WTO下我国反倾销司法审查制度的完善

司法审查制度是WTO法律框架下的重要机制。本文以我国现行行政诉讼法、对外贸易法、反倾销条例及反倾销案件司法解释关于司法审查的规定为基础,通过研究WTO《反倾销协议》对司法审查制度的规定,并借鉴美国、欧盟等西方国家反倾销司法审查的立法与实践,从立法层次、受案范围、主体资格、管辖机构级别、审查标准、司法独立及法官培养等几个方面提出建议,以期对我国反倾销司法审查制度的完善有所裨益。     

反倾销法与竞争法的关系--从WTO"美国1916年反倾销法案"谈起

美国最早的反倾销立法－1916年反倾销法因其浓厚的反托拉斯色彩而不被熟知。近期WTO对该法违反WTO反倾销规则的裁定,涉及一个重要议题－反倾销法与竞争法的关系。本文从该案入手,以美国1916年反倾销法为范例,从国内法与国际贸易法律框架两个层面探讨这个问题。     

欧盟对华反倾销政策与我国反倾销立法

随着中欧经贸关系的快速发展，我国已经成为欧盟推行反倾销指控的最大受害国。在分析欧盟反倾销法基本内容的基础上，我们应看到欧盟反倾销法不合理的一面，同时也应加紧完善我国反倾销法，改变我国在面对反倾销时总是处于不利地位的状况，为我国出口企业争取一个公平合理的贸易环境。     

论欧盟“市场扭曲”的立法实践及我国应对之策

为规避《中国入世议定书》第15条到期WTO成员不得对华适用替代国方法,欧盟修订了反倾销法,并引入了“市场扭曲”概念。欧盟的“市场扭曲”规则是否与WTO的相关规定相一致,需要从立法的合规性与实践运用的合规性两个方面进行法教义学解读和实证分析。通过对欧盟对华反倾销实践的分析,欧盟反倾销法修正案中“市场扭曲”规则与以往的“替代国”规则并无不同,虽然该规则不具有强制规范效力,但欧盟在适用该规则于具体案件中时可能违反了多项WTO规则,我国政府和企业可以从事前预防、事中应诉和事后补救多方面进行应对。     

中国与欧美反倾销法实体规则的比较

美国和欧盟是中国最大的产品出口地,也是近年来对中国出口产品实施反倾销审查最多的国家和地区。本文从反倾销法实体规则的角度,对中国、美国和欧盟反倾销法规的主要差异进行了比较研究,在为完善我国反倾销法提供借鉴的同时,以求为我国出口企业应对当前国际经济秩序中的新贸易保护主义提供一定的参考。     

透视美欧反倾销法中的四个问题

美、欧反倾销法在对倾销和损害的认定、反倾销的程序和措施等原则问题上基本一致,但在“公共利益的考虑”等问题上,却有着不同的理解和规定。了解这些有助于完善我国反倾销法以及更好地应对美国和欧盟的反倾销调查。     

论反倾销立法中正常价值的合理确定

正常价值是反倾销法律制度中的一个极为重要的概念 ,它是决定受诉的进口产品是否构成倾销的基本价格。新颁布的《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》对正常价值的规定显得过于原则和概括 ,可操作性不强 ,不利于对其进行准确确定。文中试图通过对我国反倾销立法与WTO反倾销守则 ,欧盟、美国反倾销立法的比较研究而对我国反倾销立法中有关正常价值的合理确定作一探析。     

欧盟、美国反倾销法差异的对比及借鉴

美国、欧盟反倾销法在对倾销和损害的判定、反倾销的程序和措施等原则问题上与WT0基本一致，但在“正常价值的确定”、“公共利益的考虑”、“对出口商替进口商交纳反倾销税的作弊行为的制裁”、“反规避的措施”和“承诺”问题上，又有着不同的理解和规定。了解这些，有助于完善我国反倾销法以及更好地应对美国、欧盟反倾调查。     

更趋严谨--欧盟反倾销法最新修订评介

欧盟现行反倾销法是欧盟部长理事会于1996年3月6日公布的(EC)384/96号反倾销法规。该法规是在总结以往反倾销立法和实践的基础上制定的一部体例较为完善、内容较为齐全、逻辑更加严谨、用语更趋缜密的反倾销法规。该法规公布     

A Centennial of Anti‐dumping Legislation and Implementation: Introduction and Overview

A century has passed since the Government of Canada adopted the first recorded anti‐dumping law in 1904. The Canadian legislation was soon followed by similar legislation in most of the major trading nations in the industrialised world prior to and after World War I. Anti‐dumping provisions were later incorporated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) following World War II. Nowadays, virtually all of the industrialised and developing countries in the world economy have adopted anti‐dumping legislation. In view of the long and increasingly widespread use of anti‐dumping measures, we marked the centennial of Canada's 1904 legislation with a symposium at the University of Michigan on 12 March, 2004. The symposium papers document the experiences with anti‐dumping and then ask whether and how anti‐dumping can be reformed. Although we all would probably agree that the best solution would be to retract all anti‐dumping legislation, this is unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future. Anti‐dumping laws serve a variety of purposes, and powerful political forces stand in the way of eliminating these laws. Anti‐dumping provides a stronger and more focused means of safeguards protection against surges of imports than GATT‐legal safeguards laws permit. Anti‐dumping also formalises a meaning for ‘unfair trade’ that, though essentially meaningless from an economic standpoint, strikes a chord in public perception. And finally, in spite of its appearance of being constrained by objective administrative rules, anti‐dumping in practice is a potent political tool that governments are able to manipulate in order to satisfy powerful constituents. With all this going for it, anti‐dumping is unlikely ever to be relinquished as an economic policy tool by governments.     

WTO时代的世界反倾销特点研究

反倾销是世界许多国家和地区普遍采用的用于保护国内市场和厂商的做法,该做法已对世界各国和地区产生了深远的影响,根据WTO对反倾销的统计数据,可以观察到在WTO时代的世界反倾销呈现的若干特点及发展趋势。     

现阶段印度对华反倾销的实践特点及对策

反倾销是保护国内产业健康发展，维护公平贸易环境的一个重要手段。中国出口产品频遭印度反倾销制裁已成为中国对外贸易的主要议题。本文分析了现阶段印度对华反倾销的实践特点，并分析了其形成的原因。最后，分别从几个方面探讨了规避印度对华反倾销的若干对策建议。     

倾销与反倾销:理论界定与现实思考

本文认为,倾销与反倾销是国际贸易中的重要问题,由于不同的动机,倾销有不同的形式,其效果也不尽相同;反倾销则是进口国通过征收反倾销税等方式所实施的产业损害救济措施。国外对我国出口产品实施反倾销诉讼的特点,一是提起反倾销诉讼的数量急剧上升,涉案产品的范围不断扩大;二是对倾销的确定带有很强的主观性和随意性;三是征收的反倾销税率普遍较高,存在歧视性;四是反倾销投诉的国家继续增加,同一产品在多国受到投诉。文章提出要利用反倾销手段实施产业保护的对策,积极应诉,建立反倾销应诉机制,建立产业预警机制,积极展开产业损害调查。     

完善我国反规避立法构想

由倾销与反倾销冲突衍生的规避反倾销(简称规避)措施与反规避反倾销(简称反规避)措施正越来越受到各国的关注。所谓规避是指出口国对某项已被征收反倾销税的产品,通过改变出口方式或原产地等手段,继续向进口国倾销该产品的行为。反规避则是指进口国针对规避行为而实施的相应救济措施(仍是反倾销措施)的法律行为。我国在《反倾销和反补贴条例》中对反规避进行了规范,但与对此遥遥领先于世界各国的美国和欧盟的反规避立法相比尚有较大差距。因此应借鉴欧美反规避立法经验,完善我国反规避立法应提高对反规避措施科学的认识,明确规定规避行为的种类,健全实施反规避措施的程序和明确反规避规则的空间效力。     

Dumping in a Global World: Why Product Quality Matters

Anti‐dumping actions are now the trade policy of choice of developing and transition economies. To understand why these economies have increasingly applied anti‐dumping laws, we build a simple theoretical model of vertical intra‐industry trade and investigate the strategic incentives of exporting firms to undertake dumping. We show that the definition of dumping matters. Based on a comparison of low‐quality and high‐quality prices, only unilateral dumping by the low‐quality firm obtains. By contrast, the standard WTO definition leads to either reciprocal or unilateral dumping by the high‐quality firm, depending on cross‐country differences in incomes, the height of tariff protection and on exchange rate changes.     

Product Heterogeneity and Cost Allocations in Contingent Trade Protection

The WTO allows members to impose contingent protection, including anti‐dumping duties, within agreed constraints. Anti‐dumping proceedings typically name a single captioned product but include large numbers of individual products within that caption. The inclusion of multiple products creates a variety of issues for both anti‐dumping and other contingent protection measures, issues that have been prominent in national actions and WTO dispute settlements, but have been largely ignored in research. This work focuses on the most important such area, the allocation of costs among products in anti‐dumping proceedings. We develop a comprehensive economic analysis for cost allocation issues, and couple it with the accounting tools that must be used for its implementation, to derive the first‐best allocation methods for anti‐dumping purposes. These results have direct relevance in other contingent trade contexts, such as injury determinations and subsidy pass‐through analysis.     

国有股减持的障碍分析

国有股减持工作中存在观念、体制、价格、金融环境及减持资金的投向与使用方面的障碍     

Anti‐dumping at 100 Years and Counting: A Canadian Perspective

The world's first anti‐dumping measure was introduced by Canada as a ‘special duty’ that could be levied administratively rather than being enacted. This paper describes the features of this first measure in light of subsequent evolution of anti‐dumping practice and sets it in its historical context – an era that was a high season of globalisation but also an era marked by an awakening of economic nationalism in newly industrialising countries, and by growing angst over the power of large corporations that were emerging to exploit the economies of scale allowed by mass production, as evidenced by the concurrent evolution of anti‐combines legislation. Anti‐dumping's early integration into economic theory as an international counterpart of domestic competition policy has received some official ratification in international treaties, and governments see it as a legitimate policy, albeit one in need of international disciplines. However, analysis of the pattern of its use reveals it to be an instrument of political economy, as a convenient alternative to the WTO safeguard option. The paper explores contextual reasons why today, in another high season of globalisation, marked by concerns over corporate globalism that evoke those of the earlier era, anti‐dumping actions are proliferating where they did not then.     

最高院《信用证规定》中有关信用证欺诈条款的述评

《最高人民法院关于审理信用证纠纷案件若干问题的规定》中有关信用证欺诈的条款,主要有欺诈的类型、欺诈的救济方式、救济条件和救济程序几方面。通过对《规定》中相关条款的分析,得出了四个方面的结论。