重大工程规范化管理技术研究

随着我国经济建设蓬勃开展,重大工程项目不断兴建,重大工程规范化管理技术也日益受到我国理论研究者和管理工作者的关注。在深入分析重大工程规范化管理技术内涵的基础上,分别以秦山二期核电站项目、广州珠江黄埔大桥项目、青藏铁路项目和三峡工程项目为案例,对其实践经验进行了介绍。     

科研团队内部合作：知性互补还是强强联合

面向合作的科研团队建设，是我国学术研究发展现阶段亟需解决的难题。从知识与性格两个维度出发构建评价体系，以获得国家自然科学基金委管理科学部项目经费资助的40个科研团队为评价对象，测度科研团队知性互补水平和强强联合水平，将评价结果与团队合作研究成效进行回归分析。结果表明：对于团队整体合作研究成效而言，知性互补起显著负向作用，强强联合起显著正向作用；对于团队成员人均实现的合作研究成效，强强联合起显著负向作用，知性互补与强强联合交互作用起显著正向影响；团队成员数量能够提高团队整体合作研究成效，而项目经费资助强度显著负向影响团队人均合作研究成效。由此，提出一些管理启示，对于团队负责人、高校和政府在科研团队建设与科研项目管理等具有指导作用。     

Distributive Politics and the Costs of Centralization

This paper studies the choice between centralization and decentralization of fiscal policy in a political economy setting. With centralization, regional delegates vote over agendas comprising sets of region–specific projects. The outcome is inefficient because the choice of projects is insufficiently sensitive to within–region benefits. The number of projects funded may be non–monotonic in the strength of project externalities. The efficiency gains from decentralization, and the performance of "constitutional rules" (such as majority voting) which may be used to choose between decentralization and centralization, are then discussed in this framework. Weaker externalities and more heterogeneity between regions need not increase the efficiency gain from decentralization.     

欧盟研发框架计划项目的组织与管理

欧盟研发框架计划是欧盟主体科技计划。为提高科技资金的使用效率和科技质量,欧委会对项目制订了严格的组织管理办法。欧盟研发框架计划所有项目均实施合同管理,负责计划实施的机构与项目主持单位和个人签订资助协议,其内容涉及项目期限、资金拨付、报告制度以及相关法律等内容,还涉及费用、资金转移、成果使用和获取、成果扩散及产业化等条款。借鉴欧盟研发框架计划项目的管理制度和管理经验,我国在加强科技项目管理方面,应实行规范的合同管理,实施严格的报告制度,充分发挥项目主持人的作用。     

产业共性技术与关键技术的比较研究——基于北京市科委资助科研项目的统计

本文从北京市科学技术委员会资助的科研项目的调研和统计分析入手,分析了这些科研项目所涉及的产业共性与关键技术的异同点、组织管理和发展过程,探讨了产业共性与关键技术如何促进北京产业的技术创新,分析了政府在产业共性与关键技术发展中的作用,并提出了具体的可操作性政策建议。     

Managing Large-scale IT Projects: The Case of National Air Traffic Services' New En Route Centre at Swanwick

UK experience with implementation of high-profile IT projects has been rather unhappy, with projects tending to be severely delayed, to operate poorly and to be prone to escalating costs. There is therefore a need to understand better and to improve the management of such investments. This paper adopts a synthetic approach to analysing large-scale IT projects, drawing upon research on managing inflexible technology, project management and information technology implementation. The paper combines findings from these literatures to produce a detailed set of factors that are known to adversely affect ambitious software and other large-scale development projects. It employs a case study of software development at National Air Traffic Services' NERC project at Swanwick potentially to illustrate these. The paper finds that experience at Swanwick does indeed mirror many of the pitfalls predicted but also that the synthesis of approaches attempted enhances our understanding of the difficulties involved in managing large-scale IT projects perhaps rather better than univocal approaches.     

Decentralizing development: Allocating public goods via competition

Decentralizing the allocation of public goods by giving funds directly to communities takes advantage of local information concerning needs, but leaves funds open to misuse or capture by local elites. A large scale development project in Indonesia attempts to overcome this downside of decentralized allocation by having communities compete locally for block grants. Competition weeds out less efficient projects. Increasing the number of villages bidding by 10% leads to a 1.8% decline in road construction costs. Increased community participation in project planning also leads to better outcomes.     

中外基础研究创新团队资助管理机制比较研究

科技创新需要基础研究引领与支撑，提振基础研究是新时期国家创新行动的重点，国家在创新驱动发展战略层面，越来越重视基础研究发展及创新人才与团队培养。选取中国、日本、德国与加拿大基础研究创新团队的典型项目——“创新研究群体项目”、“世界一流国际研究中心资助项目”、“合作研究与培训经历项目”、“中心和重大资助项目”与“合作研究中心项目”，从目标定位、申请方式、资助对象、资助年限、资助金额、团队规模、管理办法、考核方式等资助管理机制的诸多方面展开比较分析，借鉴国外经验，获得体制机制调整与变革启示，并提出相应的政策建议。     

高校协同创新计划资金绩效评价研究

高等学校创新能力提升计划是一项旨在促进科技与经济结合、优化社会资源配置的重要战略。在借鉴科技创新专项资金绩效评价体系的基础上,结合高校协同创新计划的实际情况,按照指标选取的综合性、层次性、逻辑性等原则,从项目决策、项目管理、项目绩效和日常评价4个方面选取18个指标,建立了高校协同创新计划资金绩效评价体系,为高校协同创新项目的绩效评定提供了依据。最后,从项目实施与管理角度提出了政策建议,可为提高高校协同创新计划资金绩效水平提供参考。     

大型气田开发工程项目集成管理

结合中国石油与国外大型石油公司合作开发项目,也是目前中国石油唯一一个为作业者的本土国际合作项目——苏南气田开发工程的管理实践,探究在面临低品位储量和复杂的内外部环境时,项目组织和管理者如何对由错综复杂、相互制约的许多专业子项目构成的大型气田开发工程进行集成管理,在较短时间内实现气田的高效经济开发。     

对设计阶段工程造价管理的探析

设计阶段工程造价管理是建设工程在设计阶段按照经济规律的要求,根据市场经济发展,利用科学管理方法和先进的管理手段合理地确定工程造价和有效的控制投资,保证有限的建设资金和物质资源得到合理的充分利用。     

建设工程档案管理的难点及解决措施

随着我国经济建设的高速发展,城市建设也日新月异,各项基础性设施及房地产开发建设也随之突飞猛进,因此也给建设工程档案管理工作带来一定的压力和挑战。因此,建设工程档案管理工作愈发显得重要。建设工程档案是建设工程的重要组成部分,是建设工程内在质量和工程验收的重要依据。文章简要分析了现代建设工程档案管理的难点及解决措施。     

基于质量功能展开的R＆D项目风险管理模型

R＆D项目执行不同阶段中风险和相关量之间的关系表明,项目生命周期早期阶段的风险管理对于整个项目成败至关重要。本文将质量功能展开（QFD）和风险管理有效地结合起来,构建基于QFD的研发项目风险管理模型。该模型借助风险评估矩阵、风险分析矩阵和风险处理矩阵解决R＆D项目的利益攸关者在产品研发旱期的困惑,通过风险管理的不断改进,进而增进R＆D项目的执行效率和品质。     

The effects of low income housing tax credit developments on neighborhoods

This paper evaluates the impacts of new housing developments funded with the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC), the largest federal project based housing program in the U.S., on the neighborhoods in which they are built. A discontinuity in the formula determining the magnitude of tax credits as a function of neighborhood characteristics generates pseudo-random assignment in the number of low income housing units built in similar sets of census tracts. Tracts where projects are awarded 30% higher tax credits receive approximately six more low income housing units on a base of seven units per tract. These additional new low income developments cause homeowner turnover to rise, raise property values in declining areas and reduce incomes in gentrifying areas in neighborhoods near the 30th percentile of the income distribution. LIHTC units significantly crowd out nearby new rental construction in gentrifying areas but do not displace new construction in stable or declining areas.     

Dynamic risk management in petroleum project investment based on a variable precision rough set model

In this paper, an adaptive algorithm is designed for dynamic risk management in petroleum project investment based on a variable precision rough set (VPRS) model. In risk management, at each stage of decision-making, experts are invited to identify risk indices and support the decision-maker in evaluating the risk exposure (RE) of individual projects. The VPRS model is used to mine risk rules and determine the significance of risk indices from RE decision tables. Considering that there are multiple risks involved in any petroleum project investment, we use multi-objective programming to obtain the optimal selection of projects with minimum RE, where the significance of risk indices is assigned to each of the corresponding multi-objective functions as a weight. Moreover, we develop a risk ranking model to measure the degree of risk for individual projects in a portfolio. Finally, a numerical example based on a Chinese petroleum company's investments in overseas projects is presented to illustrate the proposed approach, and then conclusions are drawn.     

Planning in the Dark: Why Major Engineering Projects Fail to Achieve Key Goals

The arguments, analysis and observations in this paper are based on 10 years of research with partners in the European and US aerospace and defence industries. During this period, the authors were part of a team of researchers who were seeking to develop a new methodology and tool set for project management, particularly aimed at large aerospace projects. The research was motivated by the seemingly ubiquitous reality of project failure, with large engineering projects apparently always late and over budget. Here the authors focus on aerospace and defence, but the problems are generic across all branches of engineering. In their view, aerospace and defence have more excuses than most, because not only are the projects huge, but also they are globally distributed and highly complex. As work progressed, a fundamental conundrum emerged. Through discussions with project managers and assessment of the teams that were undertaking the projects, it became obvious that they were well educated, intelligent, highly motivated and very capable people. So why were so many projects going wrong? And it was not just aerospace and defence, as projects were failing in many different sectors and in numerous geographic locations. Obviously the problems were not to do with incompetence, as they were clearly so generic. As a result, the authors focused their analysis on factors inherent in the way all major projects are undertaken. The ultimate finding has been that the very technology available for managing projects today is inadequate. As argued within the paper, modern, complex projects cannot be planned and executed using 50-year-old project management tools. The paper tells the story of what is wrong with the current technology and how and why it needs to change. The authors are well aware that there are also cultural problems in project management, but many of these are exacerbated by the use of inadequate tools.     

我国大科学工程项目组织管理问题与对策

组织实施大科学工程项目是我国建设创新型国家、提升国际竞争力的重要举措。尽管我国目前已经成功组织实施了“两弹一星”、“载人航天”等一系列举世瞩目的大科学工程，但现行实施的神光Ⅲ激光装置建设项目组织管理仍存在着一些局限。为此，结合目前我国大科学工程的组织结构，通过实地调研访谈，总结了神光Ⅲ激光装置建设项目组织管理存在的问题。同时，借鉴美国NIF大科学工程及DARPA组织的先进组织管理思想和经验，提出优化我国神光Ⅲ激光装置建设项目组织管理的对策建议，以期为我国后续大科学工程项目的顺利实施提供管理支持。     

Do lucky CEOs avoid innovation?

Stock options are one of the most widely used equity-based compensation mechanisms to mitigate misalignment between managers’ and shareholders’ interests. And yet, it is sometimes suspiciously used as a method of extracting shareholders’ wealth to managers (Bebchuk et al., 2009). The typical ways to do so is using opportunistic timing such as backdating, spring-loading, etc. As shown in Bebchuk et al. (2010), opportunistic timing of option grants increases the incidence of lucky grants, or stock option grants that CEOs receive when the price is abnormally low. We investigate whether lucky grants to CEOs impact firm innovations and, by extension, long-term growth. Using patent citations as a proxy variable for innovation (Kogan et al., 2017), we find that innovation decreases if CEOs received lucky grant in the previous year. The results imply that lucky grants may reduce the incentive for CEOs to invest in risky, long-term projects and negatively affect fir innovation.     

用强有力的行政手段规范林业项目资金管理

在国家加快林业发展,林业建设资金投入不断加大之际,林业项目资金管理问题日益突出,各种违规违纪现象时有发生。查找问题根源,研究管理对策,成为林业项目资金安全有效运行,推动林业事业全面发展的重要任务。     

The Montreal Protocol's multilateral fund and sustainable development

The 1987 Montreal Protocol is widely seen as a global environmental accord that has produced tangible results in terms of reductions in ozone-depleting substances. In addition, there have been other benefits, largely unrecognized and undocumented, that can best be characterized in a sustainable development framework based on a review of 50 out of 931 projects implemented over a 13 year period by one of the four implementing agencies of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol. All investment projects have reduced ozone depleting potential and global warming potential. Some projects have reduced atmospheric emissions and contamination of groundwater. Other projects have increased the competitiveness of enterprises in domestic and international markets and have sustained and in a few cases created employment opportunities. Others, fewer in number, have potentially contributed to environmental problems, have initially created difficulties in maintaining productivity and quality standards and have decreased the number of employment opportunities because of the need to rationalize manufacturing processes.The potential contributions from Multilateral Fund investment projects to sustainable development could probably have been amplified with project design guidance for the technical staffs of all three implementing agencies executing investment projects. In thinking about other multilateral environmental agreements, one can see the need for similar guidance for Global Environment Facility funded projects supporting the focal areas of climate change, international waters, ozone depletion and persistent organic pollutants. Some of them have the potential to generate multiple beneficial impacts in addition to their stated environmental objective if designed and implemented within a sustainable development framework.