现代服务业：上海经济增长的新动力

本文通过经济增长弹性与就业弹性两个指标,对上海"十一五"规划中提出将优先发展的现代服务业及其主要子行业在上海经济增长中的作用进行了研究。分析认为目前上海第二产业与第三产业对经济的拉动力相当。而现代服务业的拉动力大于传统服务业。近年来,现代服务业的就业弹性均值较大,同时弹性的波动变化很大,这是上海GDP就业弹性近几年波动增大的主要原因。同时,通过对现代服务业中主要子行业的分析,发现现代服务业子行业间就业弹性的变动有着高度的正相关,这将增加现代服务业就业弹性波动对于上海GDP就业弹性波动的影响。     

从就业弹性的角度看我国的就业问题

一、改革开放以来我国就业弹性的变动趋势对于经济增长与就业增长之间的关系,通常使用“就业弹性”这一指标来加以描述。就业弹性也称就业的产出弹性,是指就业增长对经济增长变化的反映程度,即经济增长率每提高1%带来的就业增长率的变动。即,就业弹性=就业增长率/经济增长率。就业弹性把经济增长率与就业增长率联系在一起,在一定程度上反映了经济增长对就业人员的吸纳程度。由于就业问题日益成为我国经济社会生活中的焦点问题,特别是最近几年出现了所谓“高增长、低就业”的现象,引发了越来越多的人开始关注对我国就业弹性的研究。根据《200…     

四川省产业发展对就业弹性的影响研究

通过引入GDP就业弹性,重点研究了四川省产业GDP与其就业弹性之间的计量关系,结果表明,目前,具有较大劳动力吸纳能力的产业主要为二、三产业。     

我国产业结构与就业吸纳能力的实证分析

基于就业弹性的视角对我国产业结构与就业吸纳能力进行实证分析发现,我国第一产业拉动就业不足,第三产业拉动就业能力较强。再通过比较我国结构偏离系数与国际标准结构偏离系数发现:第一产业存在大量的隐性失业,第二产业吸纳就业能力在减弱,劳动力在向第三产业转移;各行业直接或者间接吸纳就业能力不同,批零餐饮业和社会服务等行业拉动就业作用最强。最后,从消除第一产业隐性失业、发展劳动密集型产业等角度提出了一些解决我国结构性就业矛盾的政策建议。     

深圳产业结构变动对经济增长影响的实证分析

经济发展与产业结构的变化有着密切的关系。本文在计量经济模型的基础上,以深圳1979年至2003年的数据为样本,通过对深圳三次产业增加值结构的变动分析、深圳产业结构变动的灰色关联分析以及深圳经济增长的部门因素分析,总结出:深圳产业结构变动过程中第一产业的比重越来越小;第二产业与经济增长相关度最高,但第二产业增长率对GDP增长率的贡献却低于第三产业,而其发展过程是随着深圳产业结构的变动,第二产业对经济增长的贡献越来越大;第三产业与经济增长相关度较高,且其增长率对GDP增长率的贡献最大,但近年第三产业增加值占GDP的比重呈现下降的趋势。     

我国第三产业发展对缓解就业压力的积极作用——基于EPS数据库分析

本文以我国严峻的就业形势和第三产业发展现状为基础,利用EPS数据库对我国近十年的大学生毕业人数、GDP的产业构成和就业的产业构成等进行统计分析后发现,第三产业吸纳就业能力持续增强。并且通过EPS的分析预测功能,发现第三产业增加值和第三产业就业人员之间有很强的相关性,最终得出我国第三产业的发展对缓解目前日益增加的就业压力有积极作用的结论。     

辽宁省第三产业及内部各行业综合就业弹性分析

辽宁作为传统的重工业基地,发展第三产业促进就业对其具有深远意义。本文在就业增长弹性和就业吸纳弹性的基础上定义了综合就业弹性,并对其进行了计算分析,旨在弥补单纯应用就业增长弹性或就业吸纳弹性所反映的信息不完全、结果不准确的缺点。     

从就业弹性系数的变动看山东省就业形势

近年来,随着我国加快转变经济发展方式、调整经济结构的进程,经济增长与就业增长的关系进一步引起方方面面的关注和重视。就业弹性系数作为研究经济增长与就业增长关系的基本指标,指从业人数增长率与GDP增长率的比值,即GDP增长1个百分点带动就业增长的百分点,系数越大,吸收劳动力的能力就越强,反之则越弱。它就如＂风向标＂与＂晴雨表＂,反映着经济与就业互动的趋势与状态。     

中国经济增长的周期性波动研究及其产业结构特征(1992～2010年)

本文使用基于贝叶斯方法的结构突变模型,研究了1992～2010年我国经济增长的周期性波动特征。研究发现,该阶段我国经济增长分别经历了一次六阶段的U形中长周期和一次三阶段的V形短周期,国际经济环境的变化对我国经济的影响日益显著,同时经济增长的波动存在季度性。通过对三次产业GDP增长率的分析,我们还发现三者之间存在着较大偏离,第二产业对我国经济增长的周期性波动起着决定性的影响,同时第二、第三产业之间的关联性在不断增强。     

扩大我国第三产业劳动力就业的对策分析

一、第三产业劳动力就业变动分析 第三产业发展水平是衡量一个国家经济发达程度的重要标志,改革开放以来,我国第三产业得到了快速增长,2005年产业增加值达72967.7亿元,比1978年增长了82倍;占国内生产总值(GDP)比重39.%9,比1978年提高了15.7个百分点,是三个产业中经济增长最快的行业(见表1).     

United States

Despite a slight downgrade to GDP growth in Q1 and much slower growth expected in Q2 (reflecting the sequester and higher taxes) the recovery appears set to accelerate in the second half of the year. There are encouraging signs that private demand is picking up, with employment growth, consumer confidence and the housing market continuing to strengthen. This will push GDP growth to over 3% by the end of the year and to an average of 2.9% in 2014. The key factors strengthening growth in the face of tigher fiscal policy are: Improving household finances – Consumer spending is being bolstered by wealth effects from strong equity and house prices. Real wages are showing healthy growth again and, combined with rising employment, are helping to mitigate the impact of higher taxes on household disposable income. Moreover, with debt ratios at their lowest levels since 2004, it looks like deleveraging by households is ending. A stronger housing market – housing starts were up 6.8% in May to a level nearly 30% up on a year earlier. We expect residential investment to increase over 13% in 2013 and a further 9% in 2014 despite recent increases in mortgage rates. Increased home sales will also boost spending on furniture and appliances, which are often bought when people move home. Competitive manufacturing sector – US unit labor costs are the most competitive in over 30 years, and many firms are also benefiting from relatively low natural gas prices. This is supporting exports in the face of subdued world demand, although the trade deficit has deteriorated as stronger domestic demand has lifted imports. Improved competitiveness is also encouraging higher investment, which is back to pre‐recession levels…     

Forecast Summary

Led by manufacturing industry, output has accelerated and GDP growth approaching 4 per cent is likely this year. But strains are emerging and we expect slower growth from now on. Over the medium term GDP is forecast to rise at a sustain- able 3 per cent rate, nearly 31/2 per cent for non-oil output. This should enable the reduction in un- employment to continue, though at a slower pace than in the last year. Against a background of rising activity, we expect inflation to remain at its present underlying rate of about 4 per cent and the current account deficit to settle at about £2bn p.a. We show in the Focus how this forecast might change if the stock market fails to recover from its mid-October crash     

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY FOR FIJI

For more than a century, the sugar industry has been perceived as the backbone of the Fijian economy, given its contributions to gross domestic product (GDP) and employment generation. However, because of the non-renewal of land leases and the gradual withdrawal of preferential prices by the European Union, the industry is on the verge of collapse. We use the Fiji computable general equilibrium model to simulate the economy-wide impact of a 30% reduction in sugar production. Among our key results, we find that in the long run a 30% reduction in sugar production leads to a 2.1% fall in exports, and government expenditure and real consumption fall by 1.9% and 1.6%, respectively. These declines in the aggregate demand components are reflected in a fall of approximately 1.8% in Fiji's GDP. The negative repercussion of declining economic growth is reflected in a 1.5% decline in real national welfare.     

Forecasting macroeconomic risks

We construct risks around consensus forecasts of real GDP growth, unemployment, and inflation. We find that risks are time-varying, asymmetric, and partly predictable. Tight financial conditions forecast downside growth risk, upside unemployment risk, and increased uncertainty around the inflation forecast. Growth vulnerability arises as the conditional mean and conditional variance of GDP growth are negatively correlated: downside risks are driven by lower mean and higher variance when financial conditions tighten. Similarly, employment vulnerability arises as the conditional mean and conditional variance of unemployment are positively correlated, with tighter financial conditions corresponding to higher forecasted unemployment and higher variance around the consensus forecast.     

Eurozone

The Eurozone economy probably reached its peak velocity in Q2, when GDP rose 0.6% q/q. The figures available for Q3 provide something of a diverging picture between soft and hard data. The composite PMI – which has been the best predictor for quarterly GDP growth – averaged 56.0 in Q3, only slightly below the 56.6 seen in Q2. And the EC's Economic Sentiment Indicator was actually stronger in Q3 after reaching a new multi‐year high in September. But some of the hard data suggest that growth may be softer than indicated by the strong surveys. In particular, retail sales have been surprisingly weak despite high consumer confidence and strong employment growth, although we suspect weatherrelated factors have been at play.     

Europe

The Eurozone recovery continued through the summer, with PMI readings indicating GDP growth of around 0.3% in Q3 2014 ‐ a fourth straight quarter of modest underlying growth (temporary weakness in German construction dragged down Q2). Alongside this, the labour market seems to have turned – employment was up 350,000 in Q2, the largest rise since 2008. And consumers seem to be responding to normalizing conditions, with retail sales picking up through 2014 and rising by 1.2% in August alone…     

World economy

The recent run of soft survey data suggests that an imminent rebound in global GDP growth is unlikely and that concerns about slowing growth and trade tensions may now be taking a toll on service sector activity. We still forecast global GDP growth to slow into early next year but while recession risks have increased, we do not see this as the most likely scenario. In both 2019 and 2020 as whole we expect global GDP growth to average 2.5% each year, the weakest rate since 2009.     

The Economic Outlook for London

The strength of London's economy has been very apparent over the past year, after a period when the potential for recovery was clear but there was less hard evidence. Financial services have clearly played a large part in driving the acceleration in London's growth, with stock markets, M&A activity and profitability all strong over the last 18 months. London's growth has also been bolstered by strong international immigration. Our latest forecasts show a modest slowdown in London's economy next year from a robust 3.9% in 2006, in response to higher UK interest rates and weaker growth in both the US and the Eurozone. But employment in London is still forecast to rise by 1.2% in 2007, with GDP expected to grow by 2.9% in London compared with 2.3% in the UK as whole.     

World Economy

There are some signs that growth prospects are improving in the advanced economies. Although US GDP growth was modest in Q1, we still expect it to reach a 3% annual rate by the end of this year…