城镇居民股票持有的二元选择模型分析

城镇居民家庭资产规模不断增加和金融市场的发展,带来了居民资产选择行为的复杂性.针对金融资产中居民股票持有行为,运用二元选择模型分析了影响城镇居民持有股票的相关因素.实证研究结果显示,户主的年龄、受教育程度、家庭年收入水平和家庭金融资产总量是显著影响因素.     

家庭负债的城乡差异研究

近年来,家庭负债选择行为越来越受到广泛的关注.本文以2013年CHFS数据为基础,从家庭负债的影响因素、来源以及负债的原因三个方面对我国城乡家庭的负债情况进行对比研究,结果表明,户主年龄、受教育程度等社会人文因素以及家庭收入会影响家庭负债;在家庭负债结构中,城乡一致地表现为房屋负债以及子女教育负债占家庭总负债比重较高的特点;在家庭负债来源中,城镇家庭显示出在所有负债中,来自银行贷款的负债比重高于民间借款,而农村家庭则表现为来自民间借款的比重高于银行贷款.     

中国城镇居民家庭异质性与风险金融资产投资

运用2011年中国家庭金融调查（ CHFS）数据,研究了中国城镇居民家庭风险金融资产投资情况,实证中系统考虑了家庭异质性影响因素。主要的发现有：风险性金融资产比例在家庭资产净值达到约170万后开始下降,样本家庭的平均资产净值远离下降点;信贷约束的存在降低了风险资产的投资比例;家庭房产和风险金融资产之间是互补关系而非替代关系;健康状况、家庭医疗支出对医疗保险计划的影响至关重要;风险性金融资产比例在户主年龄达到约58岁后开始下降,样本家庭户主的平均年龄接近下降点。这些实证结论为政府提供了更具针对性的政策含义。     

人口结构变化对消费结构及储蓄率的影响分析

利用1995年、2002年和2007年的CHIPS(China Household Income Projects)数据实证分析了家庭人口结构变化对城乡居民家庭消费结构和储蓄率的影响。家庭收入、规模大小、户主年龄和家庭不同年龄人口占比等家庭人口结构变量对消费结构和储蓄率都有一定的影响。就消费结构来说,如教育支出方面,老年家庭明显低于年轻家庭;医疗保障支出方面,老年家庭明显高于年轻家庭。同时,研究表明我国城镇和农村家庭的户主年龄与储蓄率略呈U型结构,也就是说我国家庭微观储蓄率与经典的生命周期假设不一致。进一步探讨了未来家庭人口结构变化对中国家庭储蓄率和经济结构的影响以及相关政策涵义。     

分位数上城镇居民消费支出的决定

本文依据中国城镇居民住户抽样调查数据,对城镇居民消费支出方程进行分位数回归。研究结果表明,家庭收入是决定家庭消费支出的最主要因素,家庭边际消费倾向随消费水平的提高呈现出先上升后下降的倒U型趋势;家庭资产与家庭消费支出正相关,资产效应随消费水平的提高逐渐增强;户主年龄与家庭消费支出负相关,低消费群体的年龄效应比较明显。因此,政府实施提升低收入群体工资水平的公共政策,完善社会保障体系,不仅有助于促使我国经济逐渐由投资拉动型向消费拉动型增长方式转变,而且有助于城镇居民社会福利的提升。     

人口老龄化对家庭金融风险资产配置的影响

人口老龄化对中国来说是一项挑战，合理配置资产可以提高家庭收入，减轻家庭养老负担和经济压力。选用2017年和2019年CHFS的数据，研究人口老龄化对家庭风险资产配置的影响。研究结果显示：第一，户主年龄变量与家庭金融风险市场参与以及家庭风险市场参与深度之间存在非线性关系，随着老龄化程度的加深家庭金融风险资产配置存在倒U型变化。第二，老年人口占比显著抑制家庭风险资产配置。第三，异质性分析发现，人口老龄化对城镇地区、东部地区以及购买养老保险的家庭配置金融风险资产影响更显著。优化老龄家庭资产配置有利于老龄家庭减轻养老压力，提升居民生活质量。     

健康风险与城镇居民家庭消费

利用2009年"中国城镇居民经济状况与心态调查"数据,本文首次实证研究健康状况主观感受蕴含的健康风险信息对家庭消费的影响,同时探讨医疗保险的健康风险缓解和消费促进效应。发现的主要结论如下:户主自身的健康状况感受通常对家庭甚至低收入家庭的消费都没有显著负影响,但老年户主的健康状况感受却是家庭重要的健康风险来源;健康风险对家庭消费的影响主要源于除户主外的健康感受差的成员和老年成员,健康风险大的家庭人均总消费、食品和非食品消费均更低,家庭会通过调整非食品消费来稳定食品消费以应对消费的健康风险效应;医疗保险有助于缓解家庭的健康风险,促进家庭消费,特别是对于低收入家庭而言。     

什么导致了中国城镇家庭的消费不平等

以消费不平等作为反映经济不平等的重要指标,本文系统研究了中国城镇家庭消费不平等的成因。采用中国跨省区城镇家庭调查数据,基于再中心化影响函数的实证分析结果显示：我国城镇家庭的收入与净资产的不平等是导致其消费不平等的重要原因。此外,户主的性别、婚姻状况、健康状况、宗教信仰以及家庭人口结构等因素也对城镇家庭消费不平等有着不同程度的显著影响。     

有机水稻生产技术效率及影响因素的实证研究

本文基于黑龙江省有机水稻种植农户的问卷调查数据,通过建立随机前沿生产函数模型,分析了有机水稻生产技术效率及影响生产和技术效率损失的主要因素。研究表明:有机水稻生产存在技术效率损失问题,有机肥是有机水稻生产的限制因素,户主文化程度和健康状况是影响有机水稻生产的重要因素;户主性别、文化程度及家庭收入来源是影响技术效率损失的重要因素;随着有机生态体系完善,生产效率会有所提高。     

读万卷书,行万里路——学历水平对旅游消费的影响

摘要:旅游产业的发展对稳增长、促发展具有重要意义。随着消费升级的推进,对于涉及消费者主观认知的消费行为,消费者的学历水平将成为重要决定因素之一。本文基于2016年的中国家庭追踪调查数据,通过OLS与2SLS方法重点分析了户主学历水平对家庭旅游消费的影响。实证结果表明：户主学历水平提高显著增加了家庭旅游消费,家庭现金及存款、净资产、收入增加将显著提高家庭旅游消费,家庭规模、子女数量增加将显著降低家庭旅游消费;相比于低收入组家庭,高收入组家庭户主学历水平、家庭年纯收入提高都将更大程度的促进旅游消费支出;相比于户主年龄为30岁以下的家庭,户主年龄为30～39岁以及60岁以上的家庭旅游消费更高。最后结合本文研究结论提出相关建议。     

Household Finances and Social Interaction: Bayesian Analysis of Household Panel Data

We investigate the relationship between social interaction and household finances using the British Household Panel Survey. We explore the relationship between a wide range of aspects of household finances and social interaction, rather than focusing on one particular facet of household finances, such as the holding of stocks and shares. We develop a Bayesian statistical framework to simultaneously explore both sides of the household balance sheet—liabilities and assets. Additionally, we allow the influence of social interaction on household finances to be time dependent, enabling us to model the effects of social interaction from a dynamic perspective. We also develop a two‐part model to jointly investigate the influence of social interaction on the amount of different types of debt and financial assets held conditional on holding the different types of debt and assets. Our analysis suggests that social interaction is associated with households holding larger amounts of debt and assets.     

THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD DISPOSABLE WEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES

In this study, new estimates are presented of the size distribution of household wealth in the U.S. in 1969. Compared to previous studies, its major advance is the inclusion of all marketable or discretionary household assets and liabilities and their alignment with national balance sheet totals. Household disposable wealth (HDW) is defined as the sum of all marketable or fungible assets held by households less liabilities. The Gini coefficient for HDW is 0.72, the share held by the richest one percent of households is 31 percent, and the share held by the top five percent is 49 percent. There is, however, a large variation in the concentration of different household assets. The Gini coefficient is 0.30 for household durables and inventories, 0.69 for equity in owner-occupied housing, 0.94 for bonds and securities, and 0.98 for corporate stock. HDW is then divided into two mutually exclusive components. The first, called "life-cycle wealth," is defined as the sum of equity in owner-occupied housing, durables, household inventory, demand deposits and currency, and the cash value of life insurance and pensions less consumer debt. This form of wealth tends to be accumulated over the life-cycle for either consumption, liquidity, or retirement purposes. The second, called "capital wealth," is the sum of time and savings deposits, bonds and securities, corporate stock, business and investment real estate equity, and trust fund equity. Life-cycle wealth is substantially less concentrated than capital wealth. The Gini coefficient for it is 0.59, while that for capital wealth is 0.88. Moreover, among the lower wealth groups, over 80 percent of household wealth takes the form of life-cycle wealth, whereas among the top wealth groups the proportion is under 20 percent. The results suggest substantially different savings motivations between the two groups.     

SURVEY OF COUNTRY PRACTICES IN COMPILING BALANCE-SHEET STATISTICS

From a survey of the 150 members of the United Nations it appears that only one country could at present provide the full range of balance-sheet statistics called for in the United Nations guidelines on this topic. Seven countries could compile balance sheets confined to conventional types of assets and liabilities–excluding assets like consumer durables and mineral deposits. A further 31 countries presently publish some statistics on certain balance sheet items, but as the data have generally not been collected with a view to constructing national balance sheets they tend to be deficient for such purposes both in coverage and valuation. In other countries only rather trivial kinds of balance-sheet data are available, such as certain banking statistics collected by the central monetary authority for purposes of bank regulation.
A review of sources and methods shows that for financial assets and liabilities extensive use is made of company accounts and enterprise surveys. The estate multiplier method is used in several countries for measuring household assets and net worth. As regards producers' fixed assets, countries with centrally-planned economies generally take direct surveys of assets, while in countries with market economies the perpetual inventory method is preferred.
It is noted that many of the purposes for which balance-sheet statistics are used can be adequately served without constructing a complete set of accounts. To date balance-sheet statistics have therefore tended to be developed in a piecemeal fashion with priority going to those parts of the accounts whose uses for economic analysis are most obvious. Chief among these are statistics on the financial assets and liabilities of corporate enterprises and statistics on the stock of producers' fixed assets. These two areas also predominate in countries' plans for the future development of balance-sheet statistics.     

HOUSEHOLD SAVING AND PORTFOLIO CHANGE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1983–89 SCF PANEL

There are few sources of high-quality data on the dynamics of wealth accumulation. This paper uses newly available data from the 1983 89 panel of the Survey of Consumer Finances to examine household saving and portfolio change over the 1980s. Our main findings are as follows. First, median household wealth rose modestly over the period. Second, while overall wealth inequality increased, households in the top 1 percent of the wealth distribution in 1983 saw their share of total wealth decline, probably reflecting turnover among the very wealthy. Third, although age, income, and initial wealth had significant effects in regressions on household saving, a large part of the variation in saving was unexplained. Finally, there were clear life-cycle patterns in the portfolios of assets and liabilities held by households, with younger households acquiring homes, businesses and all types of debts, and older households divesting themselves of these assets and debts.     

会计要素视角下预算会计核算内容的改革研究

随着公共财政的改革,我国现行的预算会计制度已经难以满足有关方面的需要。我国预算会计核算内容在资产、负债、净资产、收入和支出几个方面存在着一定弊端。要逐步引入权责发生制,从规范资产记录、拓宽负债范围、以新的政府收支科目为基础调整预算会计收支科目等方面入手,改革现行预算会计的核算内容。     

Household Debt and Credit: Economic Issues and Data Problems

We survey contributions to the analysis of household liabilities, highlighting relevant theoretical aspects and outlining how data sources may support empirical testing and measurement efforts. Specifically, we classify aspects of household debt, discussing the theoretical and policy relevance of heterogeneity across individual and country dimensions. Aiming to illustrate conceptual and measurement issues, we refer to the approaches and results of some recent relevant country-specific work on administrative and survey data, and we argue that research in this area would greatly benefit from availability of appropriately classified household liabilities data and of cross-country institutional information.     

ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD WEALTH INEQUALITY IN THE U.S., 1962–1983

The study has two major objectives. The first is to determine time trends in household wealth inequality in the U.S. over the 1962–83 period. Four concepts of wealth are analyzed: (i) total household wealth, defined as total household assets less liabilities; (ii) fungible wealth, defined as total household wealth less consumer durables and household inventories; (iii) financial wealth, defined as fungible wealth less equity in owner-occupied housing; and (iv) capital wealth, defined as financial wealth less currency, checking accounts, and time deposits. Relying on a variety of data sources, I find that wealth inequality remained relatively constant from about 1962 to 1973, fell sharply from about 1973 to about 1979, and then rose sharply between 1979 and 1983. Concentration in 1983 was greater than that in 1962 for financial and capital wealth but of similar magnitude for total and fungible wealth. The second, methodological in nature, is to analyze the effect on measured inequality of the alignment of raw survey data to national balance sheet totals. I find that the alignment process can significantly affect point estimates of household wealth distribution but does not generally affect the direction of inequality trends.     

Lifestyle conformity and lifecycle saving: a Veblenian perspective

Since the 1950s, the lifecycle hypothesis has been the dominantexplanation for the ‘inverse U’ in household wealthaccumulation. This paper advances an alternative explanation,rooted in the ideas of Veblen, that emphasises the role of lifestyleconformity: Because people tend to adopt lifestyles common totheir social group and modify them in standard ways as theyage, lifecycle norms impart a certain order to the accumulationof assets and liabilities, which enables people to ‘do’lifecycle saving via habitual thinking. After laying out theargument conceptually, the paper provides empirical evidenceon the role of conformity in lifecycle saving and discussesits contribution to the current low saving rate in the USA.     

Portfolio Composition and Valuation Effects in Emerging Market Economies*

ABSTRACT

The increase in cross-border assets and liabilities of nations with globalization, implies small asset price and currency movements create large wealth changes. The national net external position is increasingly driven by valuation effects, which the current account does not capture. We analyze valuation effects for a group of seven emerging economies, namely Brazil, Colombia, India, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Peru and Turkey for the time period 2005:Q1-2015:Q4 by scrutinizing their external asset portfolio while controlling for country fundamentals. Both asset and liability categories of Direct Investment equity are found to positively impact valuation. Equity liabilities and debt assets of Portfolio Investment positively influence valuation. Debt liabilities of all kinds of investment negatively impact valuation. Countries with stronger currency tend to gain through valuation effects. An appreciated real effective exchange rate is associated with higher valuation gains. We also found non-linear effects of the composition of external debt portfolio by interacting external portfolio and country characteristics. The external portfolio selection of emerging economies (with more in Direct Investment equity liabilities and Portfolio Investment debt assets) in the period has shielded them from global volatility, and enabled valuation gains.     

The Economic Impact of SFAS NO. 157

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements,” (SFAS 157) defines fair value, establishes a three tiered framework for measuring fair value and expands the required disclosures about fair value measurements. The objective of this study is to examine and evaluate the benefits of the information disclosed by SFAS 157. The results of our study indicated that a large majority of the inputs are observable in that 93.5% of the sample financial assets and 93.1% of the sample financial liabilities were measured by level 1 or 2 criteria. However, we found a mismatch between assets and liabilities subject to the three tiers of fair value measurements. The companies in our sample disclosed $18.8 trillion in total assets, with 51%, or $18.8 trillion in total assets, with 51%, or 9.5 trillion reported at fair value. Whereas, sample company liabilities totaled 16.1 trillion with only16.1 trillion with only 3.7 trillion or 23% reported at fair value.