中国中青年家庭资产选择:基于人力资本、房产和财富的实证研究

本文利用"中国家庭收入项目调查"数据,运用Probit模型,讨论了中国中青年家庭参与风险性金融资产投资决策的影响因素。研究结果表明:人力资本对家庭风险性金融资产投资具有"财富效应";人力资本风险对家庭风险性金融资产投资具有"替代效应";房产对青年家庭风险性金融资产投资具有"挤出效应",但对中年家庭没有"挤出效应";综合考察中青年家庭风险性金融资产投资行为并没有表现出"年龄效应",但细分年龄段后发现,中年家庭具有明显的"年龄效应",而青年家庭的"年龄效应"并不显著;家庭财富促进了家庭风险性金融资产的投资;具有医疗保险、商业储蓄保险的中青年家庭更可能投资风险性金融资产。     

金融排斥视角下非农就业与农村家庭金融资产配置行为研究

随着农村地区非农就业比例呈增长趋势及农户收入增加,农村家庭的投资理念逐渐趋向多元化,由此产生的投资理财需求开始得到人们的关注.本文运用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2017年数据研究了非农就业对农村家庭金融市场参与的影响及影响机制.结果显示,户主从事非农行业可有效促进农村家庭参与金融市场,并显著提升投资性金融资产的配置水平;非农就业可以通过缓解农村家庭需求端金融排斥程度对其资产配置产生影响,并且农户的社会信任程度越高,非农就业的促进作用越强.异质性分析表明,从事非农行业对中年群体、财富收入较高群体的资产配置行为影响更加显著;户主从事第三产业或外出务工对家庭持有风险金融资产的促进作用更强,而对于户主为兼业或创业人员的家庭而言,该影响则不显著.本文基于实证结果和农村地区劳动力市场结构变化的现状,结合当前增强金融普惠性和提高直接融资比重的政策目标,提出了改善家庭资产配置的相关建议,鼓励与促进农户进一步参与金融市场,享受资本市场发展带来的红利.     

城镇家庭金融资产配置的财富效应

随着经济的发展和国民财富的增加,家庭资产结构从单一的储蓄型资产转变为丰富多样的风险型金融资产,其配置金融资产的异质性导致了家庭资产选择和消费行为的差异.本文通过实证检验了城镇家庭金融资产配置及其财富效应,结果显示:城镇家庭风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况对城镇家庭消费水平存在显著影响,而金融资产占比的影响不显著,金融资产占比、风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况三个变量对城镇家庭消费结构的影响均不显著;分组情况下,影响高收入城镇家庭消费水平的因素主要是风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况,而对于高收入城镇家庭消费结构、低收入城镇家庭消费水平和消费结构,城镇家庭金融资产配置维度的三个变量对其的影响均不显著.     

数字普惠金融、受教育水平与家庭风险金融资产投资

基于2014年、2016年中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)和北京大学数字普惠金融指数,探讨了数字普惠金融对家庭风险金融资产投资行为的影响。对此,文章实证检验了数字普惠金融对家庭金融市场参与的积极效应,主要包括覆盖广度和发展(使用)深度,且进一步考察户主受教育水平可能在其中起到的调节作用。研究结论表明:数字普惠金融发展会促进家庭参与风险金融资产投资,其中一级维度指标发展深度对因变量的回归结果更加显著、稳定;但户主受教育水平的调节作用与预期并不完全一致,其仅在数字普惠金融发展深度对家庭风险金融资产投资的影响中起着显著调节作用。相关结论有助于厘清数字普惠金融作用于家庭金融投资行为的影响机制与实施路径。     

养老保险和医疗保险对家庭金融资产选择的影响——基于功能差异性视角

文章基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,从金融功能差异性视角研究了养老保险和医疗保险对家庭风险金融资产配置影响的差异性。实证研究发现:一方面,养老保险因作为稳定的未来收入,具备明显的资产功能,对家庭无风险资产存在替代效应,进而增加了家庭选择风险资产的可能性和比例;另一方面,医疗保险表现为风险分散功能,虽然增加了家庭风险抵抗能力,但是医疗保险缴费和医疗事故支出使家庭的收入效应降低,从而对家庭金融资产选择的综合影响不明显。     

移动支付对家庭金融资产配置影响研究——基于CHFS的实证分析

随着互联网经济的发展,移动支付已经成为人们日常生活中主要的支付方式,影响着居民的投资行为,进而影响家庭金融资产的配置。而实现家庭财富保值增值的重要路径是家庭金融资产配置效用最大化。基于2019年中国家庭金融调查（CHFS）数据,运用Tobit模型实证分析移动支付对家庭金融资产配置的影响有利于实现家庭金融资产配置价值最大化。研究发现：家庭使用移动支付对风险资产投资有正向促进作用,对无风险资产投资具有负向影响,且工具变量回归和稳健性检验表明该结果稳健有效;机制分析表明移动支付主要通过改善储蓄账户数目及家庭对金融知识关注程度两个渠道影响家庭金融资产配置;异质性分析显示移动支付对身体健康、高等收入水平及高等受教育水平的家庭投资风险资产具有更强的促进作用。因此,应加强金融知识宣传,提高居民金融知识关注度;金融机构应创新金融产品,拓宽金融服务边界;政府应积极开展数字人才的培育和储备工作,持续推进移动支付健康发展;强化金融监管,减少家庭投资风险。     

城镇居民股票持有的二元选择模型分析

城镇居民家庭资产规模不断增加和金融市场的发展,带来了居民资产选择行为的复杂性.针对金融资产中居民股票持有行为,运用二元选择模型分析了影响城镇居民持有股票的相关因素.实证研究结果显示,户主的年龄、受教育程度、家庭年收入水平和家庭金融资产总量是显著影响因素.     

财富异质性对家庭金融资产配置的影响研究 ——基于 2015 年中国社会综合调查数据

随着我国家庭金融市场日渐完善,家庭金融资产配置的影响因素对优化家庭金融资产配置结构和提高家庭金融市场的参与率至关重要.本文从家庭财富角度出发,利用2015年中国综合社会调查数据里的9841个样本数据,运用logit模型,实证分析财富异质性对家庭金融资产配置的影响及其城乡差异.研究发现:财富水平不同的家庭,其金融资产配置存在显著差异,富裕家庭参与风险性金融市场的可能性更大,但当家庭财富累积到一定程度之后财富水平对家庭参与风险性金融市场的影响程度开始递减;城市相比于农村更有可能参与风险性金融市场,并且,在财富异质性对家庭金融资产配置的影响中,金融发展水平、被采访者的年龄和家庭规模大小等发挥着异质性作用.     

我国城镇家庭资产对其消费行为影响的经验研究

本文利用CHFS数据,通过分位数回归模型,研究了我国城镇家庭资产存量及其结构对其消费行为的影响.研究发现,无房家庭和有房家庭的消费支出都受收入、实物资产和金融资产的影响;有房家庭的消费支出与我们对现实的认知和消费理论更符合;不论高收入还是低收入有房家庭消费都明显受其住房价值影响,对低收入家庭的影响更明显;风险资产变动对低收入家庭消费没有影响,无风险资产变动对高收入家庭消费没有影响,总体来看无风险金融资产对家庭消费的影响更大;养老保险和医疗保险等社保账户资金虽然不能当期使用,但却是中低收入家庭良好的预期保障,对当前消费有促进作用;居民金融资产配置最高的是无风险的通货和存款;家庭普遍现象是财产性收入少,财产性收入对消费的贡献小;中低收入的男性户主家庭消费低于女性户主家庭;高学历和婚姻状态正常的家庭消费更高.     

房产持有视角下家庭风险金融资产投资影响因素分析--基于CHFS数据的实证研究

相比发达国家,我国资本市场一直受“有限参与”的困扰。与此同时,我国房地产市场却发展迅速,居民对房产的投资是否制约了资本市场的发展？采用2011年中国居民家庭金融调查与研究中心（ CHFS）的数据,侧重于从房产持有角度对家庭风险金融资产投资的影响因素进行实证分析。实证结果表明：房产持有对家庭风险金融资产投资的影响存在一个5%的临界值,即房产持有对5%以下的风险金融资产投资有促进作用,而对5%以上的风险金融资产投资的影响呈显著的负效应,这个结论即使在控制了许多传统解释变量之后依然成立。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.