江苏省城市消费者对食品安全支付意愿的实证研究-以低残留青菜为例

本文以江苏省城市消费者为调查对象,通过假想价值评估法,运用Logit回归模型,分析了消费者对食品安全(以低残留青菜为例)的支付意愿及其影响因素。研究结果表明,消费者对低残留青菜中食品安全的平均支付意愿达到了2.68元/斤,其价格溢出为335%。其中,大城市南京的消费者对食品安全的支付意愿为2.42元/斤,中小城市扬州的消费者的支付意愿为2.77元/斤。此外,本文还就影响消费者支付意愿的主要因素进行分析。     

江苏省城市消费者对食品安全支付意愿的实证研究——以低残留青菜为例

本文以江苏省城市消费者为调查对象，通过假想价值评估法，运用Logit回归模型，分析了消费者对食品安全（以低残留青菜为例）的支付意愿及其影响因素。研究结果表明，消费者对低残留青菜中食品安全的平均支付意愿达到了2．68元／斤，其价格溢出为335％。其中，大城市南京的消费者对食品安全的支付意愿为2．42元／斤，中小城市扬州的消费者的支付意愿为2．77元／斤。此外，本文还就影响消费者支付意愿的主要因素进行分析。     

森林资源生态价值支付意愿的实证分析——以"京津唐一承"区域为例

本文针对我国河北省承德市森林资源,以"京津唐一承"区域为研究对象,通过建立多元线性回归模型,分析了影响居民对森林资源生态价值支付意愿的诸多因素,并根据平均支付意愿对承德市森林资源生态价值及相关方的受益大小进行了估算.结果表明,承德市森林资源生态价值为163.27亿元,其中森林资源所在地承德市受益17.92亿元,占10.98%,周边区域京津唐3市受益145.35亿元,占89.02%.在众多因素中,收入、居住地以及对森林资源重要性的认识程度是影响居民对森林资源生态价值支付意愿大小的主要因素.     

中国城市消费者的食品安全需求特征分析??——以对武汉市城区消费者的食品安全调查为例

近年来不断爆发的各类食品安全事件,使消费者对中国目前的食品安全状况存在普遍的担忧。从消费者角度探讨食品安全的需求特征,剖析消费者的食品安全消费行为及影响因素,是对解决中国食品安全问题的另一种探索。文章讨论了消费者的食品安全需求偏好的差异性和风险认知过程与规避,基于问卷调查分析了城市消费者的食品安全需求特征,并借助Logistic模型论证了消费者的食品安全支付意愿的影响因素主要是收入、学历、良好的食品安全消费习惯等。因此文章提出强化消费者食品安全支付意识,增加其可支配收入;普及食品安全知识并培养消费者更好的食品安全消费习惯;完善食品安全信息公开,加强消费者对食品安全保障制度的了解与信任等,将有助于在中国营造成熟的食品安全消费环境。     

消费者对地理标志农产品支付意愿的实证分析——以盐池滩羊为例

以农产品主销区消费者调查问卷为依据,分析了影响因素对消费者地理标志农产品支付意愿的实际影响。结果表明:消费者对农产品地理标志了解和认知程度仍处初级阶段;受教育程度正向影响购买意愿,反向影响溢价支付意愿;对农产品注册为地理标志了解程度、对农产品口感味道评价正向影响购买意愿和支付意愿;非穆斯林、已婚、羊肉占肉类消费比重正向影响购买意愿,而家庭收入水平、无羊肉忌口、无超市购物去处等则正向影响溢价支付意愿;但性别、年龄、农产品品牌了解程度、地理标志了解程度等均未显著影响消费者支付意愿。     

消费者对可追溯食品的态度、购买意愿及影响因素——基于北京市调查的检验与分析

本文在依据消费者对可追溯食品需求函数确定消费者购买决策准则的基础上,运用Logistic二元选择模型实证检验并分析了北京市消费者对可追溯食品的态度、购买意愿及影响因素。主要结论如下:消费者对可追溯食品的认知度较低,对可追溯食品的购买意愿不显著;除了价格是影响消费者购买意愿的主要因素外,消费者对食品安全的信心、是否是家庭主要食品购买者、收入水平、对安全信息的关心、年龄、对可追溯食品的认知、食品安全责任人重视程度等是影响消费者对可追溯食品购买意愿的非常显著性因素。     

森林资源生态价值支付意愿的实证分析——以“京津唐—承”区域为例

本文针对我国河北省承德市森林资源,以"京津唐—承"区域为研究对象,通过建立多元线性回归模型,分析了影响居民对森林资源生态价值支付意愿的诸多因素,并根据平均支付意愿对承德市森林资源生态价值及相关方的受益大小进行了估算。结果表明,承德市森林资源生态价值为163.27亿元,其中森林资源所在地承德市受益17.92亿元,占10.98%,周边区域京津唐3市受益145.35亿元,占89.02%。在众多因素中,收入、居住地以及对森林资源重要性的认识程度是影响居民对森林资源生态价值支付意愿大小的主要因素。     

公益林生态效益价值居民支付意愿实证分析——以贵阳市为例

以贵阳市公益林为研究对象,采用条件价值评估法（CVM）,通过设计问卷、调查实施,对贵阳市居民公益林补偿的支付意愿（WTP）及影响因素进行了分析。结果显示：（1）73.6%贵阳市居民家庭对公益林生态效益价值有支付意愿,平均意愿支付额为每户家庭每年人民币213.96元;（2）支付意愿受社会经济因素综合影响,其中年龄、收入水平及环境关注态度对支付意愿具有显著影响,是影响支付意愿的主要因素。在对居民支付意愿影响因素进行分析的基础上,提出了一些建议性政策。     

动物福利认知与居民食品安全

农场动物福利不仅是伦理问题,还关乎食品安全。文章将农场动物福利纳入食品安全议题之内,考察了消费者的农场动物福利认知对其支付意愿及政策诉求的影响。研究表明,尽管当前我国消费者对农场动物福利认知还不充分,但仍有81.42%的消费者对农场动物福利存在一定的支付意愿,平均支付溢价达19.24%,消费者关于农场动物福利的认知对其农场动物福利支付意愿及政策诉求存在显著影响。这一结论表明,我国已存在通过市场激励手段或是政府规制手段改善农场动物福利,进而提升居民食品安全的基础条件。     

直播电商背景下消费者食品购买意愿影响因素分析

利用面向消费者的调查分析,建立直播电商消费者食品购买意愿影响因素的Probit模型,分析直播电商背景下消费者食品购买意愿影响因素。主要结果表明：年龄和受教育水平对消费者食品购买意愿有负向影响,直播电商食品环境因素、消费者主观购买因素以及消费者食品安全态度对直播电商消费者食品购买意愿有正向影响,收入、居住地以及消费者职业因素对直播电商消费者食品购买意愿无显著影响。据此,为促进直播电商食品市场健康发展,应建立良好的直播电商食品环境,树立直播电商背景下消费者购买食品的端正态度,健全直播电商新业态下食品安全监管体系等。     

Willingness to pay for electric vehicles and their attributes

This article presents a stated preference study of electric vehicle choice using data from a national survey. We used a choice experiment wherein 3029 respondents were asked to choose between their preferred gasoline vehicle and two electric versions of that preferred vehicle. We estimated a latent class random utility model and used the results to estimate the willingness to pay for five electric vehicle attributes: driving range, charging time, fuel cost saving, pollution reduction, and performance. Driving range, fuel cost savings, and charging time led in importance to respondents. Individuals were willing to pay (wtp) from $35 to $75 for a mile of added driving range, with incremental wtp per mile decreasing at higher distances. They were willing to pay from $425 to $3250 per hour reduction in charging time (for a 50 mile charge). Respondents capitalized about 5 years of fuel saving into the purchase price of an electric vehicle. We simulated our model over a range of electric vehicle configurations and found that people with the highest values for electric vehicles were willing to pay a premium above their wtp for a gasoline vehicle that ranged from $6000 to $16,000 for electric vehicles with the most desirable attributes. At the same time, our results suggest that battery cost must drop significantly before electric vehicles will find a mass market without subsidy.     

Prices versus Rationing: Marshallian Surplus and Mandatory Water Restrictions*

An aggregate daily water demand for Sydney is estimated and used to calculate the difference in Marshallian surplus between using the metered price of household water to regulate total consumption versus mandatory water restrictions for the period 2004/2005. The loss in Marshallian surplus from using mandatory water restrictions is calculated to be $235 million. On a per capita basis this equates to approximately $55 per person or about $150 per household – a little less than half the average Sydney household water bill in 2005.     

Pricing the environment: a critique

A distinction is drawn between opportunity cost and willingness to pay (wtp) approaches to valuing the environment. Wtp is the appropriate measure in situations where there is no prior commitment to environmental standards, otherwise opportunity cost measures apply. Wtp would not normally or properly be used to formulate environmental standards. For a wide range of environmental attributes, where the conditions of direct perception of the environmental problem do not hold, meaningful expressions of wtp cannot be obtained. In these circumstances the underlying model of the Pigovian externality which leads to attempts to measure wtp is inapplicable. While a decision rule based on wtp could still be used it possesses no welfare significance. The critique has implications for sustainability when defined to require trade-offs between natural and person-made capital. Sustainability is practically achieved by developing a set of environmental standards.     

2009财年美国农业部预算概况

2009财年,美国政府农业部预算为970亿美元,比2008财年增长了5．1％。营养援助和农作物保险部分的增长幅度最大,自主支配部分为210亿美元,比上年增长了1．6％;自然资源保护、研究以及农村发展预算有所减少;畜牧业、植物保护和食品安全计划预算南所增加。     

Clinical and economic evaluation of olanzapine-fluoxetine HCl combination in the treatment of bipolar depression: a managed care approach

Summary

This study was aimed to provide a clinical and economic assessmentfor health care organisations to make formulary decisions on Symbyax? (olanzapine-fluoxetine HCl combination). The combination drug was shown to be efficacious in treating bipolar depression. However, more compelling evidence is needed for the long-term effect, the effect in a more general population, its comparative advantage over other treatments, its adverse effects, and its efficacy and safety in sub-populations. Results of the budget impact analysis indicated that adding the drug to the formulary would increase medication cost per member per month (PMPM) from $1.150 to $1.172 in the base case scenario. One-way sensitivity analysis showed a rough band of a $0.21 decrease to a $0.26 increase in PMPM cost, by varying one factor at a time while holding all others at base-case levels. Further research is needed for the formulary decision of adding olanzapine-fluoxetine HCI combination drug.     

Are Korean consumers willing to pay a tax for a mandatory BSE testing programme?

The outbreaks of mad cow disease (BSE) have significantly increased the demand for food safety programs in the Korean beef market. Two issues that are getting much attention are about whether Korea should implement mandatory testing of slaughtered domestic cattle for BSE and whether consumers are willing to pay a tax for the programme. No study, however, has examined consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) a tax for a BSE testing programme. We conducted a contingent valuation (CV) study using a double-bounded dichotomous choice approach to estimate Korean consumers’ valuation for a mandatory BSE testing programme on slaughtered domestic cattle that are 21 months or older. Our results show that the sample-population adjusted mean estimate of WTP a tax per year is 4482 KRW (US $4.01) per household. This suggests that Korean consumers have a strong preference for a mandatory testing of domestic cattle for BSE. This study also found that Korean consumers’ WTP for the programme is greater than estimated implementation costs of the programme. These results imply that implementing a mandatory BSE testing programme in Korea could confer positive consumer welfare.     

The geography of giving: The effect of corporate headquarters on local charities

Does the presence of corporate headquarters in a city affect the incomes of local charities? To address this question we combine data on the head office locations of publicly traded U.S. firms with information on the receipts of local charitable organizations. Cities like Houston, San Jose, and San Francisco gained significant numbers of corporate headquarters over the past two decades, while cities like Chicago and Los Angeles lost. Our analysis suggests that attracting or retaining the headquarters of a publicly traded firm yields approximately $3–10 million per year in contributions to local non-profits. Likewise, each $1000 increase in the market value of the firms headquartered in a city yields $0.60–1.60 to local non-profits. Most of the increase in charitable contributions is attributable to an effect on the number of highly-compensated individuals in a city, rather than through direct donations by the corporations themselves. The increased private sector donations from the presence of corporate headquarters do not seem to crowd out government grants to local charities.     

The cost of warfarin treatment for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in Russia from a collective perspective

Aims: Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are used for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), but necessitate regular monitoring of prothrombin time via international normalized ratio (INR) testing. This study explores the economic burden of VKA therapy for Russian patients with NVAF.

Method: Cardiologists provided clinical characteristics and healthcare resource use data relating to the patient’s first year of treatment. Data were used to quantify direct medical costs (INR testing, consultations, drug costs). The same patients completed a questionnaire providing data on direct non-medical costs (travel/expenses for attendance at VKA appointments) and indirect costs (opportunity cost and reduced work productivity). Mean costs per patient per year are described (US dollars).

Results: Cardiologists (n?=?50) provided data on 400 patients (mean age?=?63, 47% female), and 351 patients (88%) completed the patient questionnaire. Patients had a mean of nine INR tests. Estimated direct medical costs totaled $151.06, and 18.5% of direct medical costs were attributable to drug costs. Estimated annual direct non-medical costs were $22.89 per patient, and indirect costs were $275.59 per patient.

Limitations: Included patients had been treated for 12–24 months, so are not fully representative of the broader treatment population.

Conclusion: Although VKA drugs costs are relatively low, regular INR testing and consultations drive the economic burden for Russian NVAF patients treated with VKA.     

Comparing Travel Cost Models And The Precision Of Their Consumer Surplus Estimates: Albert Park And Maroondah Reservoir

This study examines different types of Travel Cost Models to estimate and compare the recreational values of two parks in Victoria, Australia: Maroondah Reservoir and Albert Park. Zonal Travel Cost models and a number of different functional forms are used in this study. Standard errors are used to estimate upper and lower bounds for the recreational value estimates, enabling comparison between the precision of the different types of Travel Cost Models and functional forms estimated. The double log functional form city zone Travel Cost Model was chosen as the best estimate for Albert Park's recrea-tional value at $22.9 million per year. Maroondah Reservoir's best estimate is provided by the double log functional form regional zone Travel Cost Model at a value of $2.5 million per year, consider-ably less than that of Albert Park. Albert Park is found to have a comparatively larger 'proximity power' (attracting many more visitors) while Maroondah Reservoir exhibited a larger degree of 'pulling power' (a higher proportion of its visitors travel further distances).     

历史文化古城的非利用价值评估研究--以凤凰古城为例

文章在界定历史文化古城非利用价值构成的前提下,以在凤凰古城实地调研和向全国发放的CV调查表的数据为依据,以2002年末全国城镇就业人口为总人口样本,利用条件价值法(CVM)对历史文化古城的非利用价值进行评估。结果显示2003年凤凰古城的非利用价值为314,019万元,其中存在价值139,361．67万元、遗产价值101,867．79万元、选择价值72,758．22万元。