集体林权改革制度下农户劳动力分配情况分析——基于辽宁省农户调查数据

利用辽宁省5个县农户2000、2006、2010年的面板数据,进行林改前后农户劳动力分配变化、产权安全对农户就业影响的回归分析,结果表明:林改后随着户均林地面积的增加,农户增加了对林业的投工,林业生产与非农就业存在一定程度的替代性,但随着农户年龄、教育水平的增长,非农就业,特别是工资性劳动的投工呈增长趋势;产权安全的增长对农户加强林业生产有正相关关系。     

Earnings Mobility of Rural versus Urban Workers in Canada

The policy choice to enhance household income for poor, working families depends on the dynamics of individual earnings and their direct, albeit imperfect, link to household income levels. This paper assesses the factors affecting the dynamics of low pay for rural versus nonrural individuals in Canada. Approximately one-quarter of the rural workers sampled in Statistics Canada's SLID data receive a wage less than two-thirds of the median wage for the period and the percentage is increasing over time. In contrast, an average of 17% of workers in urban areas receives wages below this threshold. The low pay in rural areas is also "longer lasting," either because the probability of an upward wage move is less, because the probability of moving out of the labor force is less, or because the probability of moving down from high pay is greater. Thus, direct mechanisms such as a minimum wage are likely to be more effective in rural areas. The higher probability of a move downward (either to low pay or out of the labor force) may be associated with greater seasonal work in rural areas. Hence, policy to address rural low pay may need to take seasonality into account more than in urban labor markets.     

中国农村留守妇女的劳动供给模式及其家庭福利效应

男出女守的家庭分工改变了中国留守妇女的劳动供给模式,留守妇女保留工资较低、劳动参与率较高以及工资性工作时间较长,表明其劳动供给更接近合作博弈模型所描述的女性劳动力供给行为。留守妇女的家庭分工和劳动供给模式有利于家庭短期经济状况的改善,但同时也使得女性的家庭事务、工资性工作和农业劳动负担加重,不利于家庭的长期利益和不同家庭成员的长期福利。留守妇女的多重角色冲突导致原有的家庭利益平衡机制和稳定状态受到冲击,并且由于目前中国农村仍然缺乏有效的市场化和社会化途径将家庭短期经济收入转化为长期利益,因而短期内无法有效缓解家庭冲突和矛盾。     

经济发达地区农村劳动力非农劳动供给的性别差异分析

本文利用江苏省调查数据,采用Heckman两阶段模型,对经济发达地区农村劳动力的非农供给行为及其性别差异进行了分析。研究结果表明,农村劳动力的非农劳动供给具有明显的性别差异:女性非农劳动参与率低、就业地点近、劳动强度低、非农劳动时间短、非农工资率较低;家庭和社会分工的不同使得农村男女劳动力非农劳动供给的制约因素各异,其中婚姻、学龄前儿童数和需赡养老人数对女性非农劳动供给的影响较大。     

How poor are women in rural India?

The assessment of poor women in India as dependent and exploited regardless of poverty focused strategies is reflected in this review of relevant literature. The scholarly approaches to the problems of poor women involve redirection and expansion of resources to women (increase bank credit) through policy and institutional changes, and involve improving women's welfare through changes in class and gender hierarchies; both pertain to restructuring power groups. A little ascribed to belief is that the organization of women's numbers will empower women; the constraints are stated. There is also some argument over whether to design women-specific programs or integrate women into existing programs; some examples are given of successes and difficulties. The regionalization of poverty in eastern and central India is discussed. The growth of the poor has been among the landless, wage-dependent households. 9.6% of households (7.5 million) are headed by women. Women work fewer hours and at lower wage scales and have fewer employment opportunities. Lower earnings are coupled with differentials in demand for female and male labor in agriculture and a crowded labor market. There is a concentration of women in less visible, nonmonetary subsistence production and domestic work. Women are undercounted in employment studies. Women predominate in agricultural activity. Women's status is influenced by economic status, caste, and ethnic background. Domestic work increases status for women and households. The poorer households have greater labor force participation, particularly as wage laborers rather than unpaid family workers. Regional factors affecting rural household strategies are factors affecting the economy (topography, rainfall, climate) and the degree of development, plus sociocultural variables (kinship and religious beliefs which affect the social domain of women), and the degree of dependence on hired vs. family labor. There are sharp contrasts in the value and survival of women regionally. Female labor force participation is low in all regions; the nature and distribution of agricultural laborers is discussed followed by examples from 3 different regions (east, south, and north). The gender inequalities in access to basic needs are reviewed for sex ratio, mortality, and nutrition, and education. The preference is for gender-based policies targeting women.     

Rural/Urban Welfare Program and Labor Force Participation

Nonmetro poor in the Midwest participate more in the labor force and less in welfare programs than metro poor. We formalize how household composition, capital, labor market conditions, and state-specific regulations define opportunity sets, then estimate a bivariate binomial probit model of work and program participation choices. An Oaxaca decomposition analysis is conducted to compare differences in characteristics to differences in behavior in explaining the two groups' choices. We find no behavioral basis for the difference in labor market participation. And while most of the lower Midwestern nonmetro welfare program participation is due to demographics, some is due to different life-cycle behavior.     

我国劳动力价格地区差异及相关因素影响分析

我国劳动力价格的地区之间不均衡状况的形成,有历史原因也有现实存在的意义,它是地区之间经济发展不均衡的客观反映。影响地区间劳动力价格不一致的因素是多方面的,包括地方保护主义以及户籍壁垒政策对区域工资差异的影响、地区人均GDP水平、地区受教育水平以及劳动力素质、外向型经济以及FDI(外国直接投资)、所有制改革。这些影响实际劳动力价格的因素对制定政策,调节社会矛盾有着直接而现实的意义。     

The Theory of the Farm Household: An Application to Saskatchewan

A theoretical model is presented which integrates the consumption and production components of the rural household. A theoretically determined system of expenditure equations, derived factor demand equations and an off-farm labor supply equation are estimated using primary data for Saskatchewan farm households. From the empirical results we conclude that if the wage rate can be observed or estimated, the farm household's behavior can be explained empirically in a manner consistent with received theory. Summary and Conclusions A theoretical model integrating the consumption and production sides of the farm household or enterprise is estimated empirically using primary data for Saskatchewan farm households. The farm household was assumed to maximize its utility function subject to farm production and cash flow constraints. The empirical results indicate that the theoretical model can be estimated successfully even when data are sparse. While the coefficients for the expenditure, derived demand, and off-farm labor supply equations are consistent with coefficients from similar equations estimated separately by others, the theoretically more precise integrated approach specifies the simultaneous effect of the variables across equations. From the empirical results and the theoretical considerations it is obvious that the wage rate is a key explanatory variable in the model. The wage rate links the three components of the model–final expenditures, the derived input demands and off-farm labor hours. The wage rate is one determinant of the allocation of the operator's time (although other factors such as the nature of the operation and opportunities to work off-farm dominated in this study), and both the wage rate and the allocation of the time determine the eventual income available to the rural household. In essence, then, the problem of explaining farm household behavior when the household's business enterprise function cannot be separated from its consumption activity is similar to that of traditional models based on the theory of the firm and models of consumer behavior. The only difference is that the wage rate is observable in the traditional models but needs to be estimated as a shadow price in models which seek to explain rural household behavior. As a result, research in this area must start with an explanation of the allocation of (at least) the operator's labor and a measure of the shadow wage rate. If the entire household's allocation of time between on-farm and off-farm labor and leisure is determined, it is possible to treat its consumption and production activities separately. Further research is required to extend the model to explain household labor supply to both the farm and off-farm labor markets.     

Demand for Seasonal Wage Labour in Agriculture: What Does Family Farming Hide?

This article draws on the agricultural household literature to understand the dynamics of wage labour on farms in a context of family farming. The recent evolution towards an increased use of seasonal wage labour motivates the original distinction of three types of labour: family labour, permanent‐wage labour and seasonal‐wage labour. Considering the two wage labour types and hiring cost for seasonal workers, our empirical results based on 2000 French data on fruit and vegetable farms suggest that the choice between hiring permanent or seasonal wage labour is not only determined by the seasonality of the activity. Indeed, the characteristics of the local labour market also affect the trade‐off between permanent and seasonal wage labour. This result provides insights on the substitutability of the two labour types, especially when the local labour market is tight. Moreover, the substitution of seasonal‐wage labour for permanent‐wage labour can occur in the agricultural sector as a mean of increasing flexibility as well as reducing costs and commitments. Finally, family labour is found to substitute for wage labour and more specifically for seasonal‐wage labour.     

农村劳动力流动与三次产业结构调整的内生性研究

[目的]劳动力是经济发展的重要元素之一,大量农村劳动力流动制约着社会经济的发展。自1978年改革开放以来,我国三次产业结构均进行着调整,而随着农业现代化的发展,导致大量农村劳动力外流,而这种外流受三次产业结构调整的影响,因此农村劳动力流动与三次产业结构调整存在很大的关联。[方法]为了探寻二者之间的关系,文章利用1978~2014年面板数据,通过GMM三阶段分析法将农村流动劳动力流入各产业的比重变化,与三次产业结构比的变化进行描述性的对比分析,并建立联立方程及模型。[结果]研究表明:大量农村劳动力脱离土地,从第一产业流向第二、三产业;在我国进行产业结构优化升级和社会不断发展的过程中,第二、三产业吸纳了大量的农村剩余劳动力,形成了劳动力的流动;农村劳动力流动与三次产业结构调整存在相互影响相互作用的内生性关系。[结论]并针对这一结论提出相应的政策建议,对更好的引导农村流动劳动力和产业结构调整优化具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Weather Risk, Wages in Kind, and the Off-Farm Labor Supply of Agricultural Households in a Developing Country

This article investigates the effects of weather risk on the off-farm labor supply of agricultural households in a developing country, distinguishing different types of off-farm labor markets. A multivariate two-limit tobit model is applied to data from India. The regression results show that the share of the off-farm labor supply increases with weather risk, the increase is much larger in the case of nonagricultural work than in the case of agricultural wage work, and the increase is much larger in the case of agricultural wages paid in kind than in the cash wage case, suggesting farmers' considerations of food security.     

Labor force participation of women left behind in Tajikistan

This paper examines the impact of male migration on the labor force participation of the women left behind in Tajikistan. Studies from many countries show that when men migrate, female labor force participation decreases and this is largely explained by the income effect from remittances. Our study challenges this finding. Using panel data from 2007, 2009 and 2011, we find that, in Tajikistan, migration has no significant effect on the number of hours that women work. We use panel data which allow us to control for unobservable heterogeneity, rather than the cross-sectional data used by others. We analyze several countervailing factors that may have neutralized the income effect, such as the need to substitute for the missing labor in the household. We also find that women work more when the household has a farm, regardless of the presence of a migrant in the household.     

农村老年人劳动参与率提升的主导因素研究——基于CHARLS数据的研判

目的 农村老年人劳动参与率的提升有助于补充农村劳动力的短缺和促进农业农村发展。方法 文章基于中国健康与养老追踪（CHARLS）2018年全国基线调查数据,运用二元Logistic回归和ISM解释结构模型,研究了农村老年人劳动参与率提升的主导因素。结果 通过解析出的农村老年人劳动参与意愿的影响因素及其机理可发现,在影响农村老年人劳动参与意愿的9个显著因素中,是否给予子女经济支持是直接表层因素,是否有子女经济支持、是否给予父母经济支持、婚姻状况、性别、是否有自主收入以及自评健康为中层间接因素,是否有养老金和是否有医疗保险是深层根源因素。结论 经济需要是农村老年人劳动参与的主流原因,养老金和医疗保险对农村老年人健康具有重要保障作用,从而从根源上提升了农村老年人的劳动参与率。在此基础上提出了从养老保险和医疗保险两方面强化对农村老年人的基础保障等建议。     

Transition and agricultural labor

Reforms have strongly affected agricultural employment in transition countries but in remarkably different ways. We present a theoretical model and an empirical analysis to explain differences in labor adjustment during transition. We show that the differences are due to a combination of variations in initial conditions and differences in reform policies and effects. The removal of price distortions and subsidies caused wage and price adjustments during transition and a reduction in labor demand in agriculture. Surplus labor outflow from agriculture was further stimulated by the privatization of the farm assets as they improve incentives and remove constraints for optimal factor allocation and structural adjustment. The shift to individual farms, which was especially strong in labor‐intensive production systems with low labor productivity in agriculture, has reduced the outflow of labor from agriculture by improving farm governance and labor efficiency, although this effect was mitigated by losses in scale economies due to disruptions and market imperfections in transition. In general, labor outflow was considerably lower on individual farms than on corporate farms, due to a combination of factors related to human capital, access to finance, and physical capital. In the last section of the article we present a general framework for understanding labor adjustments in transition countries. Specifically, we show that there are several patterns of labor transition. In one pattern, followed by, e.g., the Czech Republic and Hungary, there is initially a strong survival of the restructured large‐scale corporate farms that have laid off many workers. In the second phase of transition, gradually the importance of individual farms increases. In other countries, such as Romania, the opposite has happened. In these countries there is an immediate strong shift to individual farms, while labor use increases on average in agriculture. After this initial phase, the shift to individual farms continues, albeit more slowly, and labor use in agriculture starts to decline. Finally, our analysis shows that in countries such as Russia and Ukraine much of the surplus labor is still employed by little‐reformed former collective and state farms. Major adjustments await more progress in agricultural and general reforms.     

迁移成本、工资上升与刘易斯转折点——一个对“刘易斯转折点”分析框架的再探讨

本文从引起劳动供给条件变化的迁移成本角度对刘易斯转折点与工资上涨的关系进行探讨。分析认为,具有刘易斯转折点意义的工资上升必须同时满足两个条件:(1)必须是劳动力市场供求作用的结果,任何非劳动力供求因素变化本身导致的工资上涨都不代表转折点的到来;(2)必须是劳动力转移的结果,任何与劳动力转移无关的因素导致的工资上涨都不能作为判断转折点出现的标志。由迁移成本上升导致的补偿工资上升与具有刘易斯转折点意义的工资上升并不具有同样的性质。因此,在进行工资上涨与中国的刘易斯转折点是否到来的分析时,需要将这些引起迁移成本变化而与劳动力转移无关的因素加以分离,否则得出的结论很可能是有偏的。     

解决农民工工资问题的思考与对策

指出农民工工资问题表现在收入水平低，克扣和拖欠工资问题仍很严重等4个方面；造成农民工工资偏低和拖欠主要有我国劳动力总体上供过于求等原因；提出了切实加强“劳动法”等法律宣传，加大执法力度，进一步完善最低工资制度等建议。     

非农就业对家庭营林劳动力投工女性化的影响研究

根据劳动力转移新经济学理论和家庭内部劳动力分工理论,基于2018年浙江省14个县(市)681户营林调查户样本数据,运用Tobit模型分析了非农就业对营林劳动力女性化的影响。结果表明:非农就业对女性劳动力单位面积营林投工量和女性营林投工比例具有显著正向影响;非农就业对不同林种营林投入女性化有明显差异,对经济林农户家庭营林投工女性化有显著正向影响,而对用材林农户家庭营林投工女性化作用不明显。提出完善农村劳动力社会保障制度;加强农村女性劳动力营林生产技能培训;发挥女性劳动力的营林生产优势等建议。     

Nonpecuniary Benefits to Farming: Implications for Supply Response to Decoupled Payments

We develop a household model wherein farmers allocate labor to maximize utility from leisure, consumption, and nonpecuniary benefits from farming. The model shows that farmers with decreasing marginal utility of income respond to higher decoupled payments by decreasing off-farm labor and increasing farm labor, resulting in greater agricultural output. We then estimate the difference between farm and off-farm returns to labor using data from three nationally representative farm household surveys. The finding of a large on-farm/off-farm wage differential provides compelling evidence of substantial nonpecuniary benefits from farming.     

Efficiency Wages, Deferred Payments, and Direct Incentives in Agriculture

Empirical evidence from agricultural labor markets is consistent with efficiency–wage theory and inconsistent with several alternative explanations. According to this theory, the higher wage or deferred payment (benefits) that direct–hire growers pay relative to that of farm labor contractors is an efficiency wage. Growers use this extra compensation to lower their monitoring expenses and reduce shirking by workers.     

Structural Change and Wage Inequality in the Manufacturing Sector: Long Run Evidence from East Asia

This paper analyses the long run determinants of wage inequality in the manufacturing sector for a group of East Asian countries that have experienced rapid structural transformations in recent decades. In line with the skill biased technological change hypothesis, our results show that within manufacturing structural change which fosters the participation of higher skilled workers is a strong determinant of the wage premium. However, the paper also highlights an unusual feature of the East Asian model, showing how well-designed education policies, prudent macroeconomic management and selective policies towards foreign capital can help to buffer the pressure of structural change on wage inequality, even in an open economy context.