人口、资源与环境经济学结构框架的生产视角分析

本文从生产的视角勾画了人口、资源与环境经济学的结构框架.通过对生产过程、生产要素的分析,揭示了人口、资源、环境与经济系统的内在联系;在人口、资源、环境经济大系统中分析了人口生产系统、资源环境生产系统和经济生产系统的生产目的及其相互关系;人口、资源与环境经济学应该实现对来自人口的人力资源、来自生态系统的自然资源和来自经济系统的人造资源三种生产性资源的有效配置,实现人与自然的协调发展.     

西部地区人口、资源、环境与经济可持续发展对策

当今世界面临人口、资源、生态环境和社会经济发展失衡的严峻挑战。1994年3月中国政府发表了《中国2l世纪议程一中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》，提出中国将实施人口、经济、社会、生态、资源和环境协调发展的可持续发展战略。此后，学术界对这一问题的研究方兴未艾。而对于占全国陆地面积71．7％、总人口为3．5亿的我国西部来说，在人口素质低下、自然资源衰竭、生态环境恶化、经济发展落后的条件下，探讨人口、资源、环境与经济可持续发展对策，具有重大的现实意义。     

山西省人口、资源环境与经济协调发展分析

长期以来,高能耗、高污染的粗放型经济发展道路,使得山西原本脆弱的环境进一步恶化;同时人力资本后备不足严重影响了山西省的转型发展。正确认识人口、资源环境与经济间的协调机制,可为山西省的战略发展提供重要的依据。文章结合山西省实际情况,构建了人口、资源环境、经济协调发展评价的指标体系,运用主成分分析法和隶属度函数模型,对山西省2004—2014年人口、资源环境、经济协调发展水平进行了评价。结果表明山西省人口、资源环境与经济协调发展仍存在整体发展水平较低、协调稳定性较差、资源环境发展相对滞后、人力资本不足、区域发展不平衡等问题,同时基于评价结果提出了相应的对策建议。     

以科学发展观促进人口、资源、环境与经济的协调

为了确立和落实以人为本 ,全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观 ,我们必须正确认识人口、资源、环境与经济的辩证关系及作用机理 ,摒弃唯经济效益观 ,树立全面效益观 ;变革“经济人”假设 ,确立“生态人”观念 ;建立人口、资源、环境与经济灵敏协调的自组织系统 ;走出“GDP”崇拜 ,树立新的政绩观 ,以科学的发展观促进人口、资源、环境与经济的协调发展。     

促进辽宁经济与人口、资源、环境可持续发展的财税对策

科学发展观提出以来,经济与人口、资源、环境协调发展的政策研究得到了充分的重视。对于我国这样一个经济与社会发展水平、资源与环境禀赋情况在各区域间差异较大的发展中大国,显然不能寄希望于制定一个放之四海而皆准的协调发展政策,而必须在国家总体政策的指导下,具体问题具体分析,针对不同的区域发展情况制定符合当地经济与人口、资源、环境情况的区域性协调发展政策。同时,协调发展问题又是一个宏观问题,随着经济一体化和生产要素流动性的增强,协调发展政策的边界在不断扩张,它逐渐成为市场经济条件下的一个区域性的公共产品,因此,协调发展政策研究也不能过于微观,必须将其置于一个较大的区域系统背景下认真研究。综合考虑这两方面的问题,联系到省级政府的政策管理权限和绩效评估层次,一般认为,针对省(直辖市、自治区)这一层面进行区域性的协调发展政策研究是合宜的,其政策适用性也是较强的。辽宁省是我国重要的老工业基地,在振兴辽宁老工业基地的过程中,辽宁的经济结构调整问题、人口与社会发展问题、资源枯竭型城市转型问题、区域环境治理问题等都在全国具有很强的代表性,而如何确保辽宁经济与人口、资源、环境协调发展也在一定程度上具有政策研究的典型意义。     

我国西部贫困农村可持续发展研究

我国西部广大贫困农村由于恶劣的自然条件和脆弱的生态环境、过快增长的人口及其较低的文化素质、严重的贫困-人口-环境恶性循环等原因，不仅其经济、社会发展极端落后，而且区域内的人口、资源、环境与经济社会各要素之间无法协调发展。基于此，文章提出了相应的对策建议，以期促使西部地区的广大贫困农村走向可持续发展。     

人口、资源、环境与社会经济发展问题分析

人口、资源和环境是关于经济发展的三个重要因素,人口、资源、环境与社会经济之间既相互制约又相互依存,四者只有协调发展,才能消除其间的消极影响,促进其积极影响,实现发展的良性循环.我国作为一个发展中国家,在以经济发展为前提时,也应注意在发展过程中同时解决人口、资源和环境问题.基于此,本文详细分析了人口对经济发展、资源对经济发展和环境对经济发展的影响,仅供参考.     

西部人口、环境和经济可持续发展的相关性

人口、环境和经济可持续发展的相关性,一直是国内外普遍关注和研究的问题。这一问题在我国西部地区正在日渐突出,成为西部经济发展的隐患,如何协调西部人口、环境与经济之间的关系,是西部地区迫在眉睫的问题。文章即立足我国西部地区人口、环境现状,对西部人口、环境和经济可持续发展的相关性进行分析,根据西部地区经济发展面临的问题,提出协调西部地区人口、环境、经济的对策,以促进西部地区经济的健康可持续发展。     

2014年“中国人口、资源环境与经济社会协调发展高层论坛”会议评述

人口、资源环境与经济社会协调发展一直是中国人文—经济地理学者关注的焦点。山东师范大学于2014年9月19—21日在山东省济南市举办"中国人口、资源环境与经济社会协调发展高层论坛",论坛以"中国人口、资源环境与经济社会协调可持续发展"为主题,讨论了中国生态环境管理战略研究理论与实践探索、中国区域可持续发展转型问题的思考与认知、中国区域可持续性转型地理学构建思路探讨等基础科学问题,积极推动相关学科发展,并且能够很好地为中国经济社会健康发展服务。     

论人口、资源与环境经济学学科构架的理论基础

人口、资源与环境经济学是一门正在形成中的横跨生态学、经济学、社会学、战略学和法学的新兴学科。构建这一学科体系的理论基础是什么?人口、资源与环境之间及其经济运行过程是否具有内在的本质的联系?至今还未获得令人满意的答案。提出由物质本源论构建起人口、资源与环境经济学的广义物质变换理论基础;由社会发展构成要素论构建科学发展观的认识论基础;由广义经济学和人口、资源与环境之间的转换、循环、代谢与平衡理论构建人口、资源与环境经济学的学科理论体系的理论思路。试图揭示人口、资源与环境问题的实质,以期从根本上解决构建人口、资源与环境经济学学科的理论基石问题。     

The normal, the natural, and the harmonic

Use is made of rigorous definitions for the terms normal, natural, and harmonic to reveal a number of unfamiliar aspects about them. The Gaussian distribution is not sufficient to determine who is normal, and fluctuations above or below a natural-growth curve may or may not be natural. A recipe for harmonically sustained natural growth requires that the overlap during the substitution process must be limited. As a consequence the overall growth process must experience good as well as bad “seasons”.     

The brain, the mind, and the future

Within psychology, brain research, and the sciences generally there has been a greater emphasis on the investigation of phenomena in terms of present and past than in terms of the future. This restriction in time frame has led not only to a fragmentation of theory and research in all the sciences, but also, in a time of great social, political, and economic change, to a failure by social science to provide the kind of guidance through improved prediction that might help ease our passage through this global turbulence. To remedy this situation much more work is needed in the relevant areas of brain research, in a closely wedded psychology of consciousness and the mind as a whole, and eventually in artificial intelligence and systems analysis as a means of testing and advancing theory. This article examines the basis for such an advance in the work of Luria, Pribram, and others with the frontal brain; Sperry, Bogen, and others with brain hemispheric differences; and von Neumann and others in artificial intelligence and systems analysis. It examines the nature of the prediction task philosophically and psychologically, states a model for brain functioning and forecasting suggested by a synthesis of prior research, and reports the supporting evidence for this model from philosophy, psychology, cybernetics, and recent experimental and field studies. It closes with a consideration of needs for continuing research and the implications of advancement in this area for science and society.     

Computers,Input-Output,and the Future

While all regions are exposed to natural hazards, most disasters (such as droughts, earthquakes, extreme temperatures, floods, slides, storms, volcanoes and wildfires) tend to occur in developing regions. Underdeveloped countries and poor people concentrate the un-natural impact of natural hazards, deepening the existent inequalities within and across countries. The paper analyzes the empirical evidence on the incidence of disasters and maps worldwide disaster risks, to then assess the factors as to why disaster risk concentrates on certain people, areas and countries. It uses a conceptual framework on the links among risk, vulnerability, and impacts to understand the multi-dimensionality of disaster effects and the increasing challenges that countries have to overcome in the face of climate change.     

Economic Growth, Inequality, Democratization, and the Environment

We augment the Stokey (1998) model by allowingagents to differ with respect to environmentalquality and income in order to analyze theimpact of income and environmental inequality,and of democratization on aggregate pollution.We find that the impact of a more equal incomedistribution depends on the degree ofdemocracy. In a complete democracy a more equalincome distribution generates, ceterisparibus, less pollution, which is consistentwith indirect empirical evidence, whereas theopposite is the case if democratic rights arehighly restricted. Furthermore, ademocratization is argued to typically lowerboth the income and the environmental qualityof the median voter. In this case, if, inutility terms, the fall in environmentalquality is worse than the fall in consumptionthe median voter decides to tightenenvironmental legislation so that aggregatepollution decreases.     

Luddites, the industrial revolution, and the demographic transition

Technological change was unskilled-labor-biased during the early industrial revolution, but is skill-biased today. This implies a rich set of non-monotonic macroeconomic dynamics which are not embedded in extant unified growth models. We present historical evidence and develop a model which can endogenously account for these facts, where factor bias reflects profit-maximizing decisions by innovators. In a setup with directed technological change, and fixed as well as variable costs of education, initial endowments dictate that the early industrial revolution be unskilled-labor-biased. Increasing basic knowledge then causes a growth takeoff, an income-led demand for fewer but more educated children, and a transition to skill-biased technological change in the long run.     

Megatrends, the annual report, possibilities

The successful leader and manager have two very important challenges: to scan the horizon and not be thrown into crisis by not seeing predictable surprises, and to recognize the longer, more pervasive trends that are in the distant future. An annual autopsy of the past year and a review of the years ahead will not only fulfill the requirements for an annual report, but will be a learning experience for the team. When we are open to new ideas, lead by inviting dialogue rather than demanding, and openly trust, believe in, and inspire others, the organization will also adopt these values as its operating framework. Our annual plans will then be living documents that create the roadmap for excellence.     

The effects of the external debts of Mexico,Brazil, Argentina,Venezuela, and the Philippines on the United States

The external debts of developing countries have become a major issue recently, prompting debate among both academicians and policy markers. In this paper, the author describes the origins and history of debt problem, summarizes proposals for policies for creditor nations, and estimates the effects of debt-related austerity in five major debtor nations on US imports, exports, net exports, and output in 1985. He concludes that debt-related austerity was responsible for 11.0% of the US merchandise trade deficit in that year, caused decreases in US net trade in 40 to 61 non-service industries studied and decreases in output in 46 industries, and caused a decrease of 0.5% in GNP.

Neither a borrower nor a lender be;

For loan oft loses both itself and friend,

And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.

William Shakespeare (Hamlet, I. iii. 75)