公司高额持有现金的投资效率研究

以中国部分上市公司为样本,通过公司高额现金持有对公司投资行为的影响进行实证分析.结果表明,高额持有现金的公司显著表现出了投资不足的高度无效率投资行为.以公司现金持有量的研究视角,为中国上市公司投资无效率的研究提供了经验证据.     

国企高管政治晋升与公司现金持有:寻租还是效率

本文以2007~2015年的国有控股上市公司为研究对象,考察了国企高管政治晋升对公司现金持有行为的影响。研究发现,国企高管政治晋升时,公司现金持有量显著增加,现金持有价值显著降低,体现了现金持有的代理动机。进一步研究发现,有效的内外部治理机制(管理层持股、两职分离、产品市场竞争、投资者保护)能够约束政治晋升高管的私人收益行为,降低现金持有的代理动机。本文的研究表明,政治晋升使国企高管利用企业资源获取私人收益,增加了股东与管理层之间的代理冲突,该研究结论对深化国企改革、完善经理人市场具有重要的启示。     

融资约束、现金持有及其价值——基于金融危机的考察

文章对比分析了金融危机前后上市公司的现金持有行为以及市场参与者对现金持有行为的价值评估。研究发现金融危机下上市公司普遍提升了现金持有比率,尤其是融资受到约束的公司,且相比经济相对稳定时期,金融危机下投资者对公司增持的现金赋予了较高的市场价值。这表明公司保守型的现金持有政策对公司应对金融危机发挥了积极作用,并进一步验证了现金持有的预防性动机。     

上市公司治理水平对现金持有自利动机强弱表现的影响

本文对不同治理背景下公司现金持有的自利性动机的强弱表现差异问题进行分析,得出公司综合治理水平较高时,现金持有自利动机较弱,反之则较强。要减少公司在现金持有决策中的自利行为,有必要从增强公司治理水平入手。     

货币紧缩、产权性质与公司现金持有

宏观经济政策如何影响公司微观行为是最近几年比较新的领域。本文运用中国上市公司2001—2011年的年度数据,探讨了货币紧缩政策对公司现金持有的影响以及产权性质对这种影响的作用。本文发现,货币紧缩政策对公司的现金持有具有负向影响,即处于货币政策紧缩阶段,公司的现金持有会显著减少。相比于国有企业,货币紧缩政策对民营企业的现金持有影响更大,民营企业的现金持有在货币紧缩阶段减少得更多。本文进一步分析发现,在货币紧缩阶段,公司当期投资并未出现下降。这说明在货币紧缩阶段,为确保当期投资顺利进行,公司会使用自有现金来补充由于银行信贷减少引起的资金不足。     

公司持有现金行为的理论与证据:争论和进展

近年来,世界主要国家都出现了公司制企业持有现金及等价物数量大幅上升的现象。这种货币需求模式的变化对于货币政策影响很大。同时,该变化与传统理论的矛盾也从理论层面对探讨公司制企业现金持有动机提出了新的要求。通过对文献的概述,本文总结出了一个自洽的分析公司持有现金的理论框架。首先,依据相关文献的讨论,本文发现公司持有的现金不能被看成负向负债,而是应该视为一种融资途径。因此,公司持有现金的分析与企业的融资理论是一致的。在此基础上,本文将现有相关研究划分为"交易动机"、"谨慎动机"和"代理动机"三个部分。基于这一分析框架,本文梳理和总结了公司持有现金理论的最新研究,发现探讨公司三类持现动机的特征变化和影响因素正成为该理论的发展方向。     

现金持有理论与实证研究的综述与展望

现金持有决策不仅在公司融资、派现等财务活动中起着重要的地位,而且与成本代理、公司治理等活动密切相关。文章分别从现金持有动机,影响现金持有量的因素,现金持有量对公司价值和公司业绩三个方面系统地回顾了有关现金持有的理论与实证研究成果。总结发现,目前的研究在现金持有量的影响因素以及现金持有量对公司业绩的影响方面仍然存有争议。因此,文章提出了值得研究的相关课题。     

公司特征因素对现金持有水平影响的实证研究

现金持有水平是每个公司面临的重要财务决策,公司的现金持有水平与公司特征具有密切联系。选取2010—2012年中国A股上市公司作为研究样本,实证检验了公司特征因素对现金持有水平的影响。研究结果表明,公司规模、财务杠杆、资产结构均与现金持有水平呈负相关关系,并且在1%水平下显著;现金流量、股利支付情况均与现金持有水平呈正相关关系,并且在1%水平下显著。     

现金-现金流敏感性:融资约束还是收入不确定?

Almeida等(2004)、Riddick和Whited(2009)指出信息不对称和收入不确定性会影响到公司的现金-现金流敏感性。本文采集了1998-2011年沪深A股上市公司的微观数据,采用广义矩估计等方法,检验了信息不对称和收入不确定性理论对中国上市公司现金持有变化和现金流之间关系的影响。实证结果显示,融资约束公司现金-现金流敏感性是正的,而非融资约束公司的这一敏感性为负。本文进一步建立的动因检测模型显示,在融资约束公司中,现金流波动增加了上市公司现金持有的动机,降低了投资支出;而在非融资约束公司中,现金流波动增加了投资支出,但对现金持有影响不明显。这一结果说明融资约束公司的正现金-现金流敏感性由信息不对称所致,非融资约束公司的负现金-现金流敏感性由收入不确定性所致。     

金融发展、融资约束与公司流动性——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

从现金—现金流敏感性和现金持有水平两个角度出发,考察了金融发展对中国上市公司流动性管理行为的影响。研究结果表明,金融发展水平的提高,可以显著降低上市公司的现金—现金流敏感性和现金持有水平。同时,相对于低融资约束公司,高融资约束下,以上两种负向影响更为显著。结论为金融发展与微观层面融资约束及公司流动性管理的相关研究提供了经验依据。     

新冠肺炎疫情冲击下企业现金持有的预防价值研究

最近爆发的新冠肺炎疫情牵动着亿万民众的心,面对突如其来的疫情,企业资金面临着巨大压力。企业持有现金主要源于预防和交易动机,然而预防动机的特性决定了其在企业正常经营状态下难以直观体现,因而目前鲜有研究对企业现金持有的预防价值进行直接检验。本文以新冠肺炎疫情事件的冲击为研究切入点,通过考察不同现金持有水平的企业在面临危机冲击的市场反应,发现企业现金持有水平与事件窗口期内的累计超额收益率呈显著正相关关系,从而为现金持有的预防价值提供了更为直接的经验证据。而且,当公司受疫情冲击程度越大时,二者之间正相关关系越强。进一步发现,企业现金持有的预防价值在企业现金流压力大以及外部融资环境较差时更加凸显。本研究丰富了已有关于现金持有预防价值的相关文献,并对政府与企业应采取何种举措以应对突发事件具有一定的启示。     

Deviations from optimal corporate cash holdings and the valuation from a shareholder’s perspective

The trade-off theory of corporate cash holdings predicts that there is an optimal level of cash. We test the trade-off theory by investigating the relation between deviations from optimal cash holdings and the valuation of cash from a shareholder’s perspective. We decompose corporate cash holdings into the optimal level of cash and the deviations from the optimum. We find that the marginal value of cash for shareholders is higher when a change in cash moves corporate cash holdings towards the optimal level and that this relationship holds for both the above-optimal deviations and the below-optimal deviations. We conclude that the results are consistent with the prediction of the trade-off theory of corporate cash holdings.     

Financialization,Shareholder Orientation and the Cash Holdings of US Corporations

Growth in the cash holdings of US nonfinancial corporations (NFCs) has received considerable attention in recent years. These cash holdings constitute a primary component of the growth in firm-level financial asset holdings often highlighted in analyses of the ‘financialization’ of NFCs. In this article, I use a panel of US corporations to empirically analyze two links between corporate cash holdings and the literature on financialization. First, I find a small but positive relationship between cash holdings and shareholder value ideology among large corporations. I capture the growing entrenchment of shareholder ideology using average industry-level stock repurchases, to proxy for industry-level norms encouraging managers to target stock price-based indicators of firm performance. Second, I find a positive relationship between a firm's cash holdings and a measure of the differential it earns between interest income and expense. Given that cash is classified with short-term marketable (and, therefore, interest-bearing) securities on firm balance sheets, this result lends empirical support to the hypothesis that traditionally nonfinancial firms are increasingly engaged in borrowing and lending for profit.     

考虑制度环境的上市公司投资行为研究

本文以我国2006—2008年沪深上市公司为样本,在借鉴自由现金流与投资相关模型的基础上,实证检验了制度环境、自由现金流与上市公司投资之间的相关性。研究发现,上市公司的投资与自由现金流正相关,存在正自由现金流的上市公司越会进行投资;上市公司所处地区的投资环境越差、政府效率越低,其越容易进行非效率投资。     

业绩考核制度如何影响央企现金持有?——基于《考核办法》第三次修订的准自然实验

本文基于2010—2017年我国A股上市公司数据,以十八大后推行的业绩考核办法优化修订为准自然实验,选用双重差分模型检验2013年新的《考核办法》实施对中央企业的现金持有的影响,研究发现:与不受该制度影响的民营企业相比,新的《考核办法》显著正向提升央企的现金持有水平,且这一结果均通过平行趋势、控制组调整、变量替换、PSM-DID和安慰剂检验等稳健性检验;通过机制分析发现,业绩考核制度通过发挥抑制央企因超额持现所诱发的过度投资而提升央企现金持有;进一步地,业绩考核还促使央企权衡增持的现金资源二次配置策略,缩减超额持现的股利支付且转而将其用于创新活动,进而提升中央企业现金持有价值。上述结果意味着,业绩考核制度既可以抑制过度投资的无效耗费行为促使央企增持现金,又将增持现金用于“多创新,少股利”的长期价值创造权衡配置,优化增持现金利用效率,提高企业创新能力,进而提升企业价值,这为十八大以来有关中央企业高质发展和国资监管体制建设而进行改革的政策预期效果提供经验证据,同时为进一步全面深化国资监管、积极深入推进业绩考核制度优化修订提供理论依据和经验证据。     

R&D investment,cash holdings and the financial crisis: evidence from Korean corporate data

This article examines the real effects of the financial crisis in 2008 on corporate R&D investment by analyzing firm-level panel data from 2005 to 2011 obtained from KIS-VALUE, a Korean corporate finance database. I estimate a dynamic panel model of R&D investment that includes an after-crisis dummy to reflect the effects of the external finance supply shock after the financial crisis, an interaction term of the dummy and cash holdings to measure the marginal effect of cash holdings after the crisis, investment opportunities (sales and the q ratio) and financial positions as the debt-equity ratio. The estimation implies a negative yet relatively small impact of the credit supply shock from the financial crisis on R&D investment and the mitigation of the negative impacts by cash holdings after the onset of the financial crisis, whereas the data show decreasing R&D investment and sales for the whole period. Based on the data and the estimation, I find that firms were able to lessen the pressure from diminishing market demand before the crisis using external finance, but they had to use internal financial sources after the crisis smooth R&D investment.     

Theoretical motives of corporate cash holdings and political connections: firms level evidence from a developing economy

In this paper, we revisit the theoretical motives of corporate cash holdings while concentrating on the effect of political connections. In particular, we postulate two competing hypotheses for the effects that political connections can have on cash holdings: ‘substitution effect hypothesis’ and ‘complementary effect hypothesis’. Using the data on Pakistani firms over the period 2002–2010, we find that connected firms hold significantly larger cash reserves than their non-connected counterparts, thus confirming the ‘complementary hypothesis’, which suggests that agency problems lead connected firms to accumulate large amount of cash. Further, this effect is found to be more pronounced in dictatorial as opposed to democratic regimes indicating the presence of higher degrees of political patronage in that period. Finally, we also find differences in the complementary effect based on firm characteristics. Our results suggest that the firm size and leverage have increasing effects on the cash holdings of connected firms, contrary to the mainstream literature standpoint.     

R&D investments and corporate cash holdings

This paper presents evidence about how research and development (R&D) expenditures affect corporate cash holdings in European country groups that differ in their innovation capacity. In theory, one can expect intangible investments such as R&D to result in higher cash stocks than fixed investments, particularly because intangible capital is less suitable as collateral for obtaining external funds. The relationship can be expected to be particularly strong in innovative countries. These countries carry out a relatively high proportion of cutting-edge R&D, which tends to be particularly risky and may be associated with substantial gestation lags before becoming productive. These features tend to increase firms' precautionary cash holdings. To investigate this issue in a European context, we examine different groups of countries that are clustered based on differences in their innovative capacity. Our estimation results confirm a positive relation between changes in R&D investment and changes in cash holdings, whereas changes in fixed investment do not appear to be related to changes in cash positions. The impact of changes in R&D on cash tends to be higher for country groups characterized by a high level of innovative capacity than for countries with moderate levels of innovative capacity. However, the differences across country groups are less pronounced than expected.     

所有权性质、多元化经营与现金持有

笔者区分所有权性质并以股改后(2007年～2009年)上市公司非平衡面板数据为样本,检验多元化与现金持有关系,研究发现,中国上市公司多元化与现金持有不存在统计显著的相关性。但国有控股企业多元化与现金持有量显著正相关,而非国有控股企业中两者显著负相关。国有控股企业多元化反而降低了现金管理效率,而非国有控股企业通过多元化实现了更高的内部资本市场效率,从而持有更少现金。研究结果间接支持了现金持有的委托代理理论。