虚拟团队交互记忆系统对团队绩效的影响!——任务复杂性的调节作用

利用对45个虚拟团队的调研数据,通过相关分析和回归分析,探讨了虚拟团队的虚拟性对交互记忆系统的影响、交互记忆系统的各维度对团队绩效的影响及任务复杂性对两者间关系的调节作用。研究结果显示:虚拟团队的虚拟性和交互记忆系统之间存在相关关系;虚拟团队交互记忆系统的3个维度(专长度、可信度和协调度)对团队绩效具有较强的预测作用;任务复杂性对交互记忆系统与团队绩效的关系产生负向调节作用。     

Diligence and laziness in chinese agricultural production teams

A simple numerical game-theoretic framework is used to explore the effects of rising work disutility on individual household work effort decisions in Chinese agricultural production teams. Effects of changes in the importance of distribution ‘according to labor’, concern for other members of the team, and peer pressure on team work performance are discussed, and resolution of a ‘prisoner's dilemma’ situation is shown to be central to the eventual outcome.     

Re-matching, information and sequencing effects in posted offer markets

This paper evaluates the effects of some standard procedural variations on outcomes in posted offer oligopoly experiments. Variations studied include the presence or absence of market information, the use of re-matched or fixed seller pairs and alterations in the order of sequencing. Experimental results indicate that such variations can have first order effects on outcomes. For this reason, we recommend that results in oligopoly experiments be carefully interpreted in light of the procedures selected.

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Team cohesion and collective-labor supply in Chinese agriculture

This paper focuses on the degree of cohesion within Chinese production teams as a determinant of household incentives and collective-sector labor supply. Effects of changes in crop-procurement prices and fixed charges on the labor supply to the collective sector, labor allocation under alternative income-distribution systems, and the incentives to apply peer pressure to increase collective work effort are considered in the context of a simple household utility-maximization model. The results suggest that increasing the degree of cohesion within teams may lessen the severity of the trade-off between agricultural output and the transition to need-based distribution systems.     

Analysis of county employment and income growth in Appalachia: a spatial simultaneous-equations approach

County median household income and employment growth rates tend to be characterized by spatial interaction. A spatial simultaneous-equations growth equilibrium model was estimated using GS2SLS and GS3SLS. The results indicate strong feedback simultaneity between employment and median household income growth rates. They also show spatial autoregressive lag simultaneity and spatial cross-regressive lag simultaneity with respect to employment and median household income growth rates, as well as spatial correlation in the error terms. Estimates of structural parameters show strong agglomerative effects and significant conditional convergence with respect to employment growth and median household income growth in Appalachia in the 1990 s.     

团队制度正式化对团队创造力的影响：团队整合的中介作用与横向监督的调节作用

基于理性行为理论,构建团队制度正式化通过团队认知整合以及团队情感整合作用于团队创造力的理论模型,并分析横向监督对上述中介机制的调节效应。综合运用多元回归分析以及被调节的中介效应分析方法,利用79份项目团队样本展开实证分析。结果表明：团队制度正式化通过团队认知整合正向作用于团队情感整合;团队情感整合正向促进团队创造力;横向监督调节团队情感整合与团队创造力间关系;低横向监督情境下,团队情感整合正向促进团队创造力,而高横向监督情境下,团队情感整合与团队创造力关系不显著;低横向监督情境下,制度正式化通过团队认知整合、团队情感整合正向促进团队创造力,而高横向监督情境对该中介效应的调节作用不显著。     

Peer effects in computer assisted learning: evidence from a randomized experiment

We conduct a large scale experiment to investigate peer effects in computer assisted learning (CAL). Identification relies on three levels of randomization. We find an average 0.17 standard deviation improvement in math scores among primary school students. This average effect is the same for students treated individually or in pairs, implying that peer effects double the learning benefit from a given equipment. Among paired students, poor performers benefit more from CAL when paired with good performers and vice versa. Average performers benefit equally irrespective of who they are paired with. This suggests that the treatment is dominated by knowledge exchange between peers. We also find that CAL treatment reduces the dispersion in math scores and that the beneficial effects of CAL can be strengthened if weak students are systematically paired with strong students.     

A COMPENSATING DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH TO VALUING THE SOCIAL BENEFIT OF MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL

This research utilizes a compensating differential framework to measure the social benefits of minor league baseball teams. Consistent with findings at the major league level, individual housing observations from 138 metropolitan areas between 1993 and 2005 show that affiliated teams are associated with a significant 6 to 8% increase in rents in mid‐sized markets ranging from 0.4 to 1.4 million people. On the other hand, independent teams and stadiums are associated with insignificant effects on rents. The positive effect of affiliated minor league teams suggests they are a valuable urban amenity that can contribute to local quality of life. (JEL H23, H41, H71, R50, L83)     

Peer effects in medical school

Using data on the universe of students who graduated from US medical schools between 1996 and 1998, we examine whether the abilities and specialty preferences of a medical school class affect a student's academic achievement in medical school and his choice of specialty. We mitigate the selection problem by including school-specific fixed effects, and show that this method yields an upper bound on peer effects for our data. We estimate positive peer effects that disappear when school-specific fixed effects are added to control for the endogeneity of a peer group. We find no evidence that peer effects are stronger for blacks, that peer groups are formed along racial lines, or that students with relatively low ability benefit more from their peers than students with relatively high-ability. However, we do find some evidence that peer groups form along gender lines.     

Bayesian estimation of cointegrating thresholds in the term structure of interest rates

Threshold Error Correction Models are used to analyse the term structure of interest Rates. The paper develops and uses a generalisation of existing models that encompasses both the Band and Equilibrium threshold models of [Balke and Fomby ((1997) Threshold cointegration. Int Econ Rev 38(3):627–645)] and estimates this model using a Bayesian approach. Evidence is found for threshold effects in pairs of longer rates but not in pairs of short rates. The Band threshold model is supported in preference to the Equilibrium model.

What can be learned about peer effects using college roommates? Evidence from new survey data and students from disadvantaged backgrounds

Previous papers which examine the importance of peer effects using exogenous variation in college roommates have found only very limited evidence that a student's first year grade performance is influenced by the observable academic characteristics of his/her roommate. One possible explanation for this finding is that peer effects do not play a particularly important role in the higher education setting. However, another very plausible explanation for this finding is that peer effects are important in higher education but that these previous empirical efforts have simply not been “looking in the right place” to find the evidence of peer effects in this setting. Thus, while these papers have received considerable attention due to the general difficulty of finding credible exogenous variation in peer quality, they have difficulty answering the most fundamental question related to peer effects in this higher education—whether peer effects play an important role or not. This paper provides depth to the peer effects literature using unique new survey and administrative data.     

Sorting,peers, and achievement of Aboriginal students in British Columbia

Abstract We examine the contribution of differences in school environments to the gap in education outcomes between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal students. We find both substantial school‐level segregation of Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal students and a substantial gap in test scores. Conventional achievement gap decompositions attribute roughly half of the grade 7 test score gap to between‐school differences and half to within‐school differences. The segregation of Aboriginal students suggests that peer effects might explain some of these between‐school achievement differences. However, we find that peer effects associated with a greater proportion of Aboriginal peers, if anything, improve value‐added exam outcomes of Aboriginal students.     

Bidding ‘as if’ risk neutral in experimental first price auctions without information feedback

Experimental research on first price sealed bid auctions has usually involved repeated settings with information feedback on winning bids and payoffs after each auction round. Relative to the risk neutral Nash equilibrium, significantly higher bidding has been reported. The present paper reports the results of experimental first price auctions with n=7 where feedback on payoffs and winning bids is withheld. Under these conditions, average bidding is below the risk neutral Nash equilibrium prediction but converges to it with repetition.

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Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.      

Conformism,peer pressure and adverse selection

To examine the effects of peer pressure in adverse selection problem, we define a peer pressure function that represents the psychological costs and incorporate it into the agent's utility function. Based on these assumptions, the efficient agent who has conformity preference produces less outputs than the first-best level, while the inefficient agent produces more than the second-best level of standard adverse selection output when the agents feel peer pressure among themselves. Although the production gap between the utility functions under peer pressure narrows, the gap of the ex post information rent goes wider as the information rent of efficient agents increases. Our theoretical results are consistent with some empirical/experimental findings.     

The Effects of Earnings Guidance on Investors’ Perceptions of Firm Credibility in a Two-Firm Setting

This study investigates how a peer firm's earnings guidance affects investors' credibility assessments of a target firm. Results suggest that when both a target firm and a peer firm provide earnings guidance, contrast effects occur such that the more accurate the earnings guidance of the target firm relative to the peer, the greater are investors' credibility assessments for the target. However, such contrast effect diminishes as the target firm's earnings guidance becomes more accurate. On the contrary, when a peer provides earnings guidance but the target firm does not, assimilation effects as opposed to contrast effects dominate investors' credibility judgments.     

协同工作设计能缓解组织知识隐藏“困境”吗——基于防御型与促进型心理所有权视角

如何有效干预知识隐藏、突破知识型组织发展的约束性因素，是组织管理中亟需解决的难题，尤其是在竞合交织的工作情境下鲜有研究同时考虑合作性、竞争性工作情境对知识隐藏行为的影响机制，导致对知识隐藏的认知存在片面性。鉴于此，结合心理所有权理论，探讨协同工作设计与团队竞争氛围影响知识隐藏的联动机制。通过对77个知识团队的457名成员进行两阶段问卷调查，研究发现，知识心理所有权、组织心理所有权在协同工作设计(任务互依性、社会支持和他人反馈)与知识隐藏之间起中介作用，团队竞争氛围在协同工作设计要素通过知识心理所有权、组织心理所有权影响知识隐藏的中介路径中发挥调节作用。上述结论不仅为深入研究知识隐藏行为提供了全新的理论视角，也为构建竞争与合作平衡的知识型组织提供了有益启示。     

Original Research A modified method for estimating volume–outcome relationships: application to percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective: The objective of the current study was to propose an alternative method for measuring individual operator and peer volumes to use as predictors for adverse outcomes.

Study design: A retrospective analysis was performed to assess the volume–outcome relationship for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed in New York State between 1996 and 1999. This relationship was calculated using a modified method whereby physician volume was calculated using the previous year's volume, and hospital volume was calculated after subtracting the operator of interest's annual volume from the total. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality.

Results: Using the modified method, the odds ratio (OR) of in-hospital mortality was 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55–0.99; p=0.04) for cardiologists who performed 75–174 procedures annually and 0.80 (95% CI 0.61–1.04; p=0.1) for cardiologists who performed ≥175 procedures annually compared with the lowest-volume operators. With the conventional approach to volume measurement, no relationship between cardiologist volume and mortality was found. Patients who underwent PCI in hospitals where their physician's peers had an annual volume of 600–999 or ≥1,000 cases had a significantly reduced odds of mortality (OR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.57–0.92; p=0.01; and OR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.62–0.95; p=0.01) compared with patients treated by physicians with an annual peer volume of <600 cases. The conventional method did not detect any significant correlation between hospital volume and in-hospital mortality.

Conclusion: The alternative approach to measuring cardiologist and peer volumes proposed in this study leads to more precise estimates of volume–outcome relationships than the conventional approach.     

Repeated price competition between individuals and between teams

We conducted an experimental study of price competition in a duopolistic market. The market was operationalized as a repeated game between two “teams” with one, two, or three players in each team. We found that asking (and winning) prices were significantly higher in competition between individuals than in competition between two- or three-person teams. There were no general effects of team size, but prices increased with time when each team member was paid his or her own asking price and decreased when the team's profits were divided equally. This result is consistent with a simple model of individual learning.     

WHY HAS TOP EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION INCREASED SO MUCH IN CHINA: A EXPLANATION OF PEER‐EFFECTS

Top executive compensation can be affected significantly by peer group pay. This paper investigates the impact of peer effects on the change in top executive compensation based on evidence from China. Empirical results show that if the top three executives' compensation was lower than the peer group median level in year t ? 1, the percentage change in the top three executives compensation in year t would be higher by 0.225%, and that the absolute level of pay would increase by 51 000 yuan. Furthermore, better performance, faster growth and state ownership increase the likelihood of peer effects, while corporate governance variables do not.     

Misery loves company: Social regret and social interaction effects in choices under risk and uncertainty

Extensive field evidence shows individuals? decisions in settings involving uncertainty depend on their peers? decisions. One hypothesized cause of peer group effects is social interaction effects: an individual?s utility from an action is enhanced by others taking the same action. We employ a series of controlled laboratory experiments to study the causes of peer effects in choice under uncertainty. We find strong peer group effects in the laboratory. Our design allows us to rule out social learning, social norms, group affiliation, and complementarities as possible causes for the observed peer group effects, leaving social interaction effects as the likely cause. We use a combination of theory and empirical analysis to show that preferences including “social regret” are more consistent with the data than preferences including a taste for conformity. We observe spillover effects, as observing another?s choice of one risky gamble makes all risky gambles more likely to be chosen.