农业文化遗产地农户区位对生计旅游转型的影响——兼论区位条件的生计资本意义

农业文化遗产地农户生计旅游转型与空间地理位置存在关联，旅游环境下区位条件已成为农户生计发展不可忽视的重要因素。遵循顺序解说型设计，该研究采用逻辑回归评估区位条件对生计旅游转型的影响，并通过质性分析探究区位条件对生计发展的作用机理，结果发现：（1）旅游视角下农户生计分化类型在空间上存在一定的分布规律，生计旅游化程度随农户与景区距离的增加而下降，农户区位对生计旅游化转型具有显著影响；（2）既靠近景区又靠近公路的住宅具有旅游经营优势，优势区位助推农户发展形成旅游经营生计，且住宅区位已呈现资本化，成为旅游经营生计中需要投入的资本要素；（3）住宅区位资本形成源于农户住宅的功能转换及外部辐射增值，游客在空间上的集聚及扩散决定了住宅位置的消费市场可达性，形成住宅区位的资本交换与极差地租；（4）景区对邻近社区具有农地、人力资源依赖性，邻近社区投入资源并参与景区旅游生产，社区农户为此获得旅游发展的制度性红利，旅游参与机会及发展福利伴随制度安排的演进而变化。研究有助于认识区位条件对农户生计的影响，对把控旅游地生计资本结构也具有重要意义。     

乡村旅游聚落农户生计模式演化研究——野三坡旅游区苟各庄村案例实证

乡村旅游发展正在对乡村农户生计产生深刻的影响.文章以英国海外发展部可持续生计理论为基础,采用田野调查等多种方法,以河北野三坡旅游区苟各庄村为案例,研究了旅游影响下乡村聚落农户生计问题.研究发现:旅游业正深刻改变着乡村聚落均质化的农户生计模式,使得农户生计模式发生分层和空间极化,并形成旅游主导型和兼业型两种生计模式.对生计模式的核心组成部分生计资本、生计策略、生计后果进行比较,发现旅游主导型“专业化”生计模式远远好于非旅游农户兼业化的“多元化”生计模式.“生存型”生计和“发展型”生计模式的对比研究,对于建设小康阶段乡村农户就业和发展选择有一定的理论意义和现实价值.     

乡村旅游社会-生态系统脆弱性及影响机理——基于秦岭景区农户调查数据的分析

脆弱性及其评估框架为旅游地社会-生态系统研究提供了一个新的视角.文章借鉴社会-生态系统及其脆弱性相关理论,探索在旅游发展背景下秦岭山区乡村人地关系的测度与解释.从敏感性和适应能力结合的角度出发,构建评价指标体系,通过农户参与式问卷调查与实地调研,在农户生计分类的基础上,测度以农户为基础的局地社会生态系统脆弱度,厘清不同类型农户和景区脆弱性的影响机理.以农户适应性为切入点,提出实践对策与建议,为相关部门决策提供依据.研究表明:(1)以旅游生计和综合生计型为主的农户较传统生计型(务工/农)农户脆弱性降低.局域脆弱性空间差异不大,但结构性差异显著,其中,社区共管类景区脆弱性明显较其他景区低.(2)人均拥有耕地面积、家庭物质资产种类、旅游收入、贷款资助机会、区域优势度、技能培训等成为影响农户脆弱性的关键因素.(3)自然资本缺失、适应力资本分异、企业经济理性主导的旅游开发模式进一步增加了人地系统脆弱性,而农户认知、社会资本建设以及社区共管模式有利于提升系统应对风险能力,减缓或降低系统脆弱性.     

旅游非正规就业:职业发展的末端还是通道

现有研究一般认为旅游非正规就业低收入、低门槛、不体面,仅能维持生计或增加收入.非正规就业是职业发展的末端,就业者是被“降级的劳动力”.文章通过珠海拱北口岸的实地调查和对44位旅游非正规就业者的访谈指出,旅游非正规就业是许多就业者的职业发展通道.就业者以中青年低层次劳动力为主,但也包括较高学历和丰富工作经验的企业白领、个体经营户和大学生,他们通过亲缘或地缘组织介绍从事旅游非正规就业.文章进一步归纳总结了7种从业动机、6种从业规划和4种职业发展路径.研究表明,大多数旅游非正规就业者具有较为明确的从业动机、从业规划和职业发展路径.相较于其他非正规就业,旅游非正规就业提供更多的职业出口,更利于积累资源和能力,是一条低层次劳动者向高层次城市就业者转变的职业通道.     

中国城镇化对旅游经济影响的空间效应——基于空间面板计量模型的研究

在理论分析城镇化对旅游经济影响的空间效应基础上,利用2000-2013年的省级面板数据和空间面板计量模型,实证探讨了城镇化规模和质量对旅游经济影响的直接效应与空间溢出效应.研究显示:(1)城镇化规模、城镇化质量和旅游经济发展都具有明显的空间依赖性和空间集聚特征,传统面板数据模型因忽略了被解释变量和解释变量的空间溢出效应而高估了城镇化对旅游经济发展的产出弹性;(2)城镇化规模和城镇化质量均对旅游经济发展具有明显的促进作用和正向的空间溢出效应,表明旅游经济发展不仅受到本地区城镇化的影响,也会受到邻近地区城镇化进程的交互作用;(3)在城镇化进程中,产业结构转变、旅游企业物质资本与劳动力投入、旅游消费水平等多维要素都是推动旅游经济发展的重要力量,旅游企业物质资本和旅游消费水平还具有显著的正向溢出效应,而旅游企业劳动力投入有明显的负外溢效应.     

新冠疫情对景区依托型安置区失地农户生计的影响——以三清山银湖湾安置区为例

新冠疫情对易地搬迁农户的生计造成了严重影响,对生计方式由农业向旅游服务业转型的景区依托型安置区农户生计的影响尤为显著。本文以三清山风景区的银湖湾安置区为例,分析了安置区农户的生计资本,探讨了新冠疫情对安置区农户生计的影响及其机制,并提出了增强农户生计抗风险能力的若干对策。研究发现：（1）易地搬迁对农户的生计资本产生了较大影响。搬迁后,总体上农户生计资本有所增加,农户的物质资本和金融资本增加明显,自然资本则直接被旅游资本所替代,由此引起相对于旅游业经营而言人力资本的减少;（2）新冠疫情对旅游业的重创直接影响到银湖湾安置区农户的生计,对农户生计的影响面广、影响程度深、潜在影响明显;（3）失地、依赖旅游业、组织化程度低、安置后管委会角色退出等形成了安置区农户生计所处的特定情境,疫情对农户生计的影响程度与此特定情境有直接的关系。本文可为其他类型安置区农户生计的疫情影响研究提供参考,也可为增强易地搬迁农户生计的抗风险能力提供指导。     

上海工业遗产旅游资源保护与再利用研究——以苏河水岸工业旅游基地为例

工业遗产是工业文化的载体,反映了工业文明的历史进程。近年来,工业遗产旅游资源的保护与再利用愈发受到人们的关注。上海是中国近代工业的摇篮和工人运动的发祥地,位于普陀区的苏州河则是上海百年工业发展脉络的缩影,沿岸保留着大量工业遗产,苏河水岸工业旅游基地更是被确定为国家工业旅游示范基地。上海市政府通过博物馆模式、文化创意园模式、综合开发模式对苏州河沿岸的工业遗产进行保护与再利用,使得苏河水岸工业旅游基地具备了一定的历史价值、社会文化价值、科学价值与区位价值。笔者通过对苏河水岸工业旅游基地旅游资源保护与再利用的现状进行分析,认为应深入挖掘遗产的文化内涵,宣传遗产的保护价值,做好遗产旅游的开发规划,使得该基地的工业遗产充分发挥应有的作用。     

中国旅游业发展导致了资源诅咒效应吗?

以往文献往往忽视旅游产业发展的阶段性而单独探讨旅游发展对经济增长的影响.该文将“资源诅咒”和“资源福祉”纳入统一的研究框架,利用2003-2013年188个优秀旅游城市的面板数据动态地考察了旅游发展对我国经济增长的影响及其影响机制,最后将这些城市分为旅游起飞城市、旅游福祉城市、旅游诅咒城市3类.结果发现:(1)旅游发展与经济增长呈“倒N”形关系;(2)旅游发展通过抑制技术进步、市场化水平对经济增长带来负向中介效应,而通过提高物质资本、人力资本以及对外开放水平来对经济增长产生正向中介效应;(3)科技投入、政府干预负向调节着旅游发展与经济增长的关系;(4)“旅游地荷兰病”现象在中国并不存在;(5)旅游资源福祉效应占据主导地位,但也有少数城市存在旅游资源诅咒现象.     

遗产保护一大难点:游客高峰的应对

旅游资源的主体是自然与文化遗产.纵观旅游发展史,游客大都是奔着名胜去旅游的,所谓名胜大都是优质遗产资源经过一定开发形成的自然与文化景区景点,古往今来,遗产旅游一直是旅游的主流.随着现代旅游规模越来越大,遗产资源的旅游利用强度越来越高,加上现代经济社会快速发展对遗产安全所造成的威胁,遗产保护问题便提上重要日程.     

旅游经济增长及其溢出效应的空间面板计量经济分析

文章首次基于空间面板计量经济学模型,在检验我国省域旅游经济增长是否存在空间依赖性的基础上,估计了资本和劳动对旅游经济增长的贡献,检验了旅游经济增长过程中的空间溢出效应。研究结果显示:2001~2009年间,中国省域旅游经济增长的空间依赖性和集群趋势加强,邻近省域的经济增长及旅游资本投入的空间溢出效应明显;资本和劳动的旅游产出弹性系数均为正,前者对旅游经济增长的贡献大于后者,我国省域尺度的旅游经济增长主要依赖于资本要素投入驱动,呈现出资本密集型特征,劳动力要素的贡献尚未充分发挥出来。政府在制定旅游产业政策和发展规划时,必须致力于加强邻近地区旅游资本和劳动投入的合作与交流,促进旅游经济增长中的资本空间溢出效应,改革旅游业国民收入初次分配及再次分配体制,激活邻近省域旅游劳动力投入与旅游经济增长的空间互动性,以便提高邻近地区及本地区劳动力对旅游经济增长的协同贡献。     

Changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by tourism development in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

The Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) program in Botswana aims at achieving conservation and rural development. In the Okavango Delta, some communities are involved in tourism through CBNRM to improve their livelihoods. However, research has not adequately analyzed changes caused by CBNRM on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles. This study, therefore, uses modernization theory to analyze changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by CBNRM at Sankoyo, Mababe and Khwai villages in the Okavango Delta. Using primary and secondary data sources, results indicate that CBNRM is causing a decline in traditional livelihood activities like subsistence hunting, gathering, crop and livestock farming. As a result, a modern cash economy has emerged. New livelihood activities done by communities include: employment in CBNRM projects, the sale of crafts to tourists and thatching grass to tourism lodges. Income derived from CBNRM affords households to build modern houses, buy foreign foods and household equipment like: four-burner gas stoves, kitchen utensils, and satellite televisions. Conversely, this causes a decline in the consumption of traditional foods and the use of huts and household utensils. CBNRM is thus a modernization tool since it is causing a transformation of traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles. However, even though changes in livelihood activities and lifestyles may be an indication of the dynamism of culture in study villages, sudden change and modernization may increase livelihood insecurity. As such, tourism planning should ensure that modernization is sensitive to traditional economic systems and the need for rural livelihood sustainability.     

旅游发展影响下农业文化遗产社区韧性感知研究——以河北宣化传统葡萄园为例

农业文化遗产作为重要的旅游资源之一,其动态保护关系到遗产地社区的生计选择、农民的生活改善和乡村的可持续发展。面对旅游活动所带来的一系列人为干扰,遗产地社区如何应对关系到农业文化遗产的可持续利用以及乡村振兴的实现。本文以河北宣化传统葡萄园为例,运用基于地方居民感知的指标测量法,针对社区居民进行旅游发展影响下农业文化遗产地社区韧性感知研究。研究结果显示：（1）旅游发展对于农业文化遗产地社区存在着较为积极的影响;（2）农业文化遗产地社区韧性各个子系统受旅游发展影响程度存在着一定的差别,由高到低分别为社会、生态、文化、经济、制度;（3）各旅游因子发挥了不同的作用,其作用程度由高到低分别为旅游设施因子、旅游形象因子、旅游产品因子和旅游规模因子。本文探究了农业文化遗产社区韧性在旅游发展中受到何种影响,分析其形成原因,以期实现农业文化遗产保护与可持续旅游的协调发展。     

Tourism and agricultural development in thailand

The adoption of tourism by agricultural communities may increase or decrease environmental degradation by affecting the frequency of cultivation or perceived value of soil conservation. Research undertaken in a prominent “hill tribe” village in northern Thailand indicated that tourism was only adopted by those with available cash and labor, and did not present a viable alternative to agriculture. However, households which did adopt tourism increased frequency of cultivation by hiring agricultural labor and dividing land within families to maximize use of land. Tourism has, therefore, been unavailable to the poorest small landowners who most need a new source of income, but it has generally increased frequency of cultivation among those who have adopted it.     

乡村旅游开发中农业景观特质性的保护研究

农业景观的特质性是农耕活动千百年演变积累下来的人地关系,表现为所在地域自然环境特征与人文地理特征叠加的土地形态,是具有生产、生活、生态“三生”功能的景观系统.在乡村旅游开发过程中,若缺乏对农业景观特质性全面、深入的认识,盲目采用城市景观建设方法来指导农业景观的建设,将导致农业景观特质性核心价值的消失与乡土特色的丧失.农业景观资源的科学旅游开发利用已经成为亟待研究的重要问题.文章首先分析乡村旅游开发中的农业景观特质性保护和开发利用面临的主要问题,然后依据农业景观特质性的“三生”功能,提出整体性、资源可持续发展、地域分异与协调共生原则以及农业景观特质性的系统保护模式,并以广东南海西樵旅游开发中西樵山七星村的传统特色农业景观“桑基鱼塘”有机再生为例,分析如何在旅游开发中实现农业景观特质性的有效保护和可持续利用.     

Agroecological tourism: bridging conservation,food security and tourism goals to enhance smallholders’ livelihoods on South Pentecost,Vanuatu

Smallholder farmers continue to make up the largest proportion of the world's disadvantaged. Rural smallholders in the South Pacific are particularly vulnerable to climate change, underinvestment and growing competition for land and resources. Strengthening synergies between agriculture and tourism through avenues such as agritourism has been widely discussed; however, very little research has approached these concepts from a sustainability perspective. This case study of rural Ni-Vanuatu smallholders uses the Agroecology and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework (ASRLF) to explore tourism's potential contribution to improved conservation and food security outcomes. Data collection combined participatory methods such as “storian sessions” with analysis of secondary data.

The findings highlight minimal current opportunities for rural Ni-Vanuatu smallholders to gain significantly from the tourism sector in Vanuatu. The shift from traditional gardening systems to cash cropping monocultures is also conflicting with tourism and conservation goals. This paper puts forward agroecological tourism as a strategy for integrating positive conservation, food security and livelihood outcomes for rural smallholders. It defines agroecological tourism as having a primary focus on the interpretation of sustainable traditional agroecosystems which exhibit cultural and heritage significance. Agroecological tourism has potential to support traditional practices, enhance the preservation of cultural knowledge and promote sustainable farming practices.     

Tourism and food production in the Caribbean

Foreign-exchange leakage through food imports for tourist consumption reduces the net economic impact of tourism in the Caribbean. Yet little is known on the interface between tourism and local food production. Tourism's competition for agricultural labor and land, and its impact on land values, land use and food prices, are disputed by researchers and are poorly understood. Thorough studies are needed on the nature and extent of tourism food imports and associated foreign-exchange leakages; the reasons a large proportion of the food for tourist consumption is imported; and the variation in food supply patterns according to quality, size, ownership, and location of tourist establishment. Further research will help formulate policies designed to increase the net economic impact of tourism.     

参与式乡村旅游开发模式探讨

参与式乡村旅游是农民参与旅游开发的重要形式．它能从根本上增加农民的收入，增加农村就业机会，有利于农村产业结构的调整；同时通过乡村旅游的开发建设，能够加速乡村非农化进程，增强农民环保意识，促进乡村城镇化的发展，最终实现乡村经济社会可持续发展的目标。在乡村旅游开发中有多种模式可以选择，但注重社区和居民参与的开发模式是最佳选择。只有通过对社区和居民的教育、培训和管理，增强居民的旅游服务意识，提高服务水平，树立市场营销理念，才能保证参与式乡村旅游沿着可持续的道路发展。     

Productivity growth and income in the tourism sector: Role of tourism demand and human capital investment

This paper proposes a model for the demand for tourism in the context of a developing country. The parameters of the model are a tourist sector characterised by monopolistic competition, where human capital is the main factor of production and hotels have market power. Additionally land use is marked by demand from both agricultural and tourism sectors. From the household side, a simplified OLG approach is developed to consider consumption, human activity and the number of children. A dynamic framework is therefore identified to investigate the long-run consequences of increasing labor productivity and lowering the fertility rate. If the supply-side policy leads to economic growth, the tourism led growth hypothesis is theoretically confirmed. It is concluded that an increase in labor productivity generates positive growth effects only if the demand for tourism is elastic, otherwise negative results arise.     

Determinants of livelihood diversification: The case wildlife tourism in four coastal communities in Oaxaca,Mexico

Diversification is a process by which households increase the number of economic activities in different sectors to improve their well-being and chance of survival. The aim of this research is to study the determinants of livelihood diversification with a specific emphasis on wildlife watching in the coastal communities of Oaxaca, Mexico. Based on household surveys, two econometric models were used to examine the differences regarding the asset determinants for those households increasing the number of economic activities and those involved in wildlife tourism. The results reveal four common variables distributed between capitals and specify that average household age, environmental consciousness, characteristics of the land, membership or participation in an organization (cooperative) and government transfers are determinants of a household's diversification into wildlife tourism. Policy recommendations include focusing on households with young people, providing support for social capital and policy coherence to guarantee basic needs and tourism planning design.