山东省矿产资源开发利用的问题与对策

山东省矿产资源比较丰富,但在开发利用中存在回采率低、利用率低及环境问题突出等问题;加强矿产资源管理、开源节流、推广清洁生产、建立合理的价格 体系、走集约型资源综合利用之路是解决上述问题,实现矿产资源合理利用的主要对策。     

试论发展循环经济与贫富兼采

我国矿产资源的特点是贫矿多,富矿少;难选矿多,易选矿少;共生矿多,单一矿少。目前,我国矿产资源形势和矿业开发中存在的回采率低、综合利用程度不高和技术欠缺等等问题,从发展循环经济和矿业可持续发展的角度,我国的矿产资源应“贫富兼采”。要倡导节约资源理念,严格开采企业准入条件,完善综合利用指标体系,集约利用矿产资源,理顺矿业开发中的经济关系,优化政策环境,扶持综合利用率高的企业。     

泸州市矿产资源的可持续利用研究

泸州市矿产资源丰富,但是在开采过程中存在着矿山规模小,资源利用率低,综合利用差,破坏生态环境等一系列问题.为使该市的矿产资源得到合理地开发利用,促进矿产资源勘查、开采、生态建设和环境保护协调发展,必须对矿产资源开采作出科学规划,合理布局,以促进矿产资源的可持续利用.     

我国矿产资源开发利用中的问题及对策分析

矿产资源是我国经济发展的物质基础.在矿产资源的开发利用中,进行合理的评价是资源有效开发与利用的保证.在资源相对于社会经济发展而日渐匮乏的时候,未来矿产资源开发利用的方向必须是可持续的.从可持续利用的思路,指出现阶段矿产资源开发利用中存在着产权公共化、综合利用率低、相对成本过低而贴现率过高等不合理的状况.在此基础上,探讨了产权市场化、对综合利用实施外部补贴、社会成本内部化和压缩贴现率等措施,调整矿产资源开发思路以实现矿产资源开发利用的可持续性.     

西藏青藏铁路沿线地热资源开发利用方向思考

十八大报告提出大力推进生态文明建设,而地热资源作为节能环保的新型能源,其合理开发利用具有重要的现实意义和客观前景。西藏自治区青藏铁路沿线在地热资源开发利用中存在的问题：开发利用程度低、利用少;利用不合理;综合利用水平低、资源浪费严重;地热资源利用不充分;开发程度不足等。建议：加强发电尾水对热田的回灌;加强利用地热资源供暖;进行地热流体中有用元素可利用性研究;加强地热理论与应用技术研究等。     

东北地区矿产资源开发利用面临的问题与对策

近年来,东北地区矿产资源开发利用出现了诸多问题,如矿产资源优势普遍下降、矿产资源优势没有充分发挥、矿产品加工程度低、矿产开发缺乏统一规划管理以及矿山生态环境日益恶化等。文章针对这些问题提出了振兴东北矿业的对策建议。     

贵州省矿产资源综合开发利用现状及建议

贵州省是我国南方矿产资源大省之一,煤炭、锰矿、铝土矿、磷矿、金矿、重晶石为省内重要矿产资源,具有储量丰、潜力大、共伴生矿经济价值高等特点。基于贵州矿产资源的综合利用现状及其成效,针对资源利用现状调查不够、矿业开发中浪费严重、矿产资源综合开发利用及矿山技改资金投入低、矿产资源综合开发利用的机制不健全等问题,提出全过程监管矿产资源综合利用、多种手段提高三率水平、加快绿色矿业发展、健全相关法律法规等相关建议。     

优化资源配置 实现可续发展

文在分析了我国矿产资源现状的基础上，指出了矿产资源人均占有量过低、资源浪费严重、总体利用水平偏低，以及因开采所造成的生态环境的恶化等因素制约了矿产资源的可持续发展，并就优化资源配置提出了４条措施。     

西藏自治区生态效益的时空演变分析

西藏自治区生态效益评价对于西藏自治区生态系统以及生态补偿有重要意义。利用谢高地和Cost anza等提出的生态服务价值评估方法,结合西藏自治区的实际情况,形成了更加契合西藏自治区的生态系统服务价值当量表,定量分析了2009—2017年西藏自治区各生态系统以及各项生态服务的价值。结果显示,在研究期间,西藏自治区的生态服务价值约为61 736×108元/年;在各种类生态系统中,草地和森林对西藏自治区生态系统的总服务价值贡献最大;在各种生态性服务中,调节性服务所占的比重最大,其次是支持性服务,文化服务和资源供给性服务最小。     

新形势下西藏绿色矿山建设高质量发展研究

当前西藏自治区绿色矿山建设高质量发展面临新形势与要求：积极保障国家战略性新兴产业资源安全、全力筑牢国家生态安全屏障、加快推动区域经济高质量发展、竭力服务区域长治久安和助力现代化国家边境建设。西藏自治区在绿色矿山建设方面取得了一定成效,主要包括绿色矿山建成比例大、多措并举构建和谐矿区、积极引进先进开采技术、不断提高资源综合利用水平和新建矿山严格落实绿色发展理念等;同时也存在一些的不足,主要包括对绿色新发展理念的理解不充分、绿色矿山建设地方标准体系尚未形成、部门联动机制不健全、政策支撑体系有待完善、科技创新薄弱、老矿山建设绿色矿山压力大、矿山生态修复治理难度大等7方面。基于西藏自治区矿产资源基本情况和绿色矿山建设存在的问题,文章提出新形势下推动西藏绿色矿山建设高质量发展建议：(1)坚持规划统领;(2)完善政策支撑体系;(3)强化部门协同联动机制;(4)尽快出台绿色矿山建设地方标准;(5)加强科技创新;(6)构建绿色矿业高质量发展新格局;(7)加强优秀经验推广;(8)探索高海拔地区生态修复和环境保护。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.