技术（产品）替代、创造性破坏与周期性经济增长

论文以熊彼特的创造性破坏思路为基础。将宏观经济中的长期经济增长和短期经济波动统一为周期性经济增长过程。本文追述创造性破坏概念的生态学根源，并将生态学的结论和方法引入经济学分析，其中竞争是生态学的核心，所以分析种群之间的多种关系，并对照阐述技术（产品）之间的竞争替代类型。用数值模拟方法描述的动态替代过程和美国经济增长的经验分析表明，增长更多地体现为周期性增长。     

创造性破坏与收入差距的振荡式扩大

本文试图运用熊彼特的技术创新和“创造性破坏”理论来解释收入差距振荡式扩大的动态特征。研究的结论是在以“创造性破坏”为特征的经济增长过程中,收入差距会扩大,而且创造性破坏的程度越强,经济增长速度越高,收入差距越大。其社会基础和原因是社会分工和阶层差异,这种差异会在经济增长过程中再度拉大。在方法上,本文用物理模型形象地描述了差距扩大过程,揭示了增长模型中定点状态分析方法的缺陷。对具体过程进行分析表明,收入差距扩大的方式为振荡式,这种振荡特征由个体和技术之间的动态竞争性质———“创造性破坏”决定。美国家庭收入的经验分析证实,在动态竞争的经济增长过程中,收入差距确实在振荡中扩大。     

产品种类扩大、质量提升及创造性破坏

本文以最终产品种类扩大刻画横向的多样性创新,而中间产品质量提升为纵向的质量改进创新,并分析种类扩大与质量提升的创新中蕴涵的创造性破坏效应.借用数论结论探讨了多样性和质量改进之间的替代选择,并分析厂商在扩大种类和提升质量之间的创新决策.两种形式的创新都有创造性破坏效应,而多样性的创新具有间接的增长效应,质量提升的创新具有直接的增长效应.邮电行业及其相关产品的变更证实了创造性破坏效应及增长效应.     

技术进步、经济增长与失业:新古典熊彼特主义经济理论的新进展

Aghion和Howitt把熊彼特主义的"创造性破坏"模型与劳动力市场搜寻匹配理论结合起来建立了一个分析经济增长与失业关系的框架.在该框架中,经济增长存在着加重失业的"创造性破坏"效应和缓解失业的资本化效应.一些学者在此框架基础上讨论了劳动力市场不完全情况下经济增长与失业的关系以及就业政策对经济增长和失业相互关系的影响."创造性破坏"的框架,把技术进步作为切入点,为认识增长与失业的相互关系提供了一个全新的分析视角.     

浅析经济开发区人力资源开发与区域经济的增长

人力资源是推动经济发展、是区域经济竞争中的最主要因素,也是经济生产过程中最积极、最活跃、最富有创造性的因素。随着人类社会发展中各种资源的逐渐枯竭、环境危机的日益增加、经济增长速度的放缓,知识经济时代的到来更需要各种人力资源的开发和利用。人力资源已经成为促进区域经济增长的核心问题。本文将就我国经济开发区人力资源的开发与区域经济增长之间的关系进行探讨。     

创造性破坏、经济增长与经济结构:新古典熊彼特主义增长理论的发展

新古典熊彼特主义增长理论引入垂直产品创新,把熊彼特的“创造性破坏”思想纳入到了内生增长理论中,并运用此理论讨论了“创造性破坏”经济动态下的技术进步、经济增长与失业、市场结构与经济增长、经济周期与经济增长以及制度与经济增长等一系列经济结构问题。虽然这一派理论仍未脱离新古典经济学的框架,但在方法上已有所突破,有助于人们深入认识有关经济增长的结构问题,对现代经济增长理论的发展产生了重要的推动作用。     

区域经济合作的行为生态学研究——一个分析框架的提出与构思

区域经济合作具有类似于生物种群的行为特征,主要表现在互惠共生、协同竞争、领域共占、结网群居等四个方面.行为生态学为探讨区域经济合作提供了新的视野、理论和方法,运用行为生态学研究区域经济合作的基本内容为:区域经济合作的行为生态学研究、政府行为基本模式研究、企业行为基本模式研究、动力机制的行为生态学研究、激励与约束机制的行为生态学研究、演化与优化机制的行为生态学研究、我国区域经济合作行为的行为生态学分析.     

“创造性破坏”视阈下企业动态能力构建

本文从创造性破坏的视阈,对企业动态能力的构建进行探析,通过对企业动态能力与创造性破坏之间关联的分析,指出企业动态能力的形成发展实质上是一个不断创造性破坏的过程。强调企业动态能力的构建必须以破为首,破除企业核心刚性与组织惰性等四大障碍;创造为本,重在创新。并从构建企业动态能力的视角,探讨企业创造性破坏的目标指向、路径与方略。     

中国区域要素替代弹性变迁及其增长效应——基于异质劳动视角的随机前沿生产函数分析

文章采用1996-2014年省际面板数据构建区域随机前沿生产函数模型,从劳动异质性视角拓展要素替代弹性分析;并首次联合运用协整方程和误差修正模型,从长期均衡和短期波动过程分析来揭示要素替代约束对经济增长的影响.结果发现:尽管三大区域各自的要素替代弹性变化显著不同,但要素替代弹性的增长效应却彼此具有一致性.其中,东部地区的资本-劳动替代弹性明显地存在着0.805的增长门槛,只有西部地区的资本-劳动替代弹性越过了门槛值,与区域增长具有尚不显著的正相关性而支持德拉格兰德维尔假说;三大区域的资本-技能互补性提高对经济增长的推动作用都不明显;劳动-技能替代弹性则表现为显著的正向增长效应,显示出各区域存在着人力资本红利.值得注意的是,与均衡增长路径上"资本-劳动替代弹性提高能够推动经济增长"的德拉格兰德维尔假说不同,在考虑劳动异质性和技术非效率的前提下,中国地区增长更支持"劳动-技能替代弹性提高能够推动经济增长"的结论.文章为甄别新常态下的区域增长潜力转变、剖析要素匹配合理性及产业结构调整可行性奠定基础.     

企业技术创新能力评估方法研究

当今世界国家之间的竞争越来越体现为经济和科技实力的竞争,而技术创新则日益成为促进经济增长和提高科技竞争力的关键.世界著名咨询公司普华永道对7个国家399家企业的一项财务指标的分析发现,业绩高增长的企业往往具有较强的创新性,而低增长的企业往往相反.     

自主创新区域实现的大国雁阵模式

我国经济内生的自主创新需求与金融危机冲击历史性地复合在一起,摆脱危机并实现经济持续增长的关键是重塑地区自主创新模式。从分析自主创新演化的区域特征出发,结合创造性毁灭理论与雁阵范式的预设前提,立足差异性经济体系的国情,给出一个自主创新区域实现的分析框架。以东中西部三大区域的产业升级为契机,合市场和政府之力构筑基于比较优势的自主创新分工体制。     

创新型人力资本对经济增长影响的实证研究——基于存量与水平的视角

在界定创新型人力资本及其存量与水平的基础上,分析了创新型人力资本对经济增长的影响机理,并采用基于协整理论和向量自回归模型的分析方法,从存量与水平两个角度实证研究了创新型人力资本对我国经济增长的影响。结果显示,创新型人力资本在生产中越来越发挥出决定性作用;创新型人力资本存量与经济增长之间存在协整关系,创新型人力资本存量每增加1%会使得产出增加1.10368%;创新型人力资本水平与经济增长之间存在双向的Granger因果关系;创新型人力资本水平对经济增长的贡献呈现"倒U"型。     

The Division of Labor, Capital, Communication Technology and Economic Growth: The Case of China 1952–99

The implications of the division of labor, capital, and technology for economic growth have long been a fundamental issue in development economics. This paper employs the bounds testing approach to cointegration to examine the relationship between the division of labor, capital accumulation, communication technology, and economic growth for China over the period 1952–99. We find that in the long run, capital stock and the division of labor both have statistically significant positive effects on growth, while in the short run the effects are not significantly positive. Telecommunication technology, rather surprisingly, has a statistically insignificant impact on growth both in the long run and in the short run. Our findings indicate that there exists a long run equilibrium relationship between capital and the division of labor on the one hand, and economic growth on the other, thereby lending support to the division of labor theory of growth.     

Financial depth,internet penetration rates and economic growth: country-panel evidence

The article investigates causal relationships between internet penetration rates, financial depth and per capita economic growth in the Next-11 countries. Using panel vector autoregressive (VAR) approaches, our empirical results show that these variables are cointegrated. Moreover, we find bidirectional causality between internet penetration rates and economic growth, and between financial depth and economic growth in the short run.     

Does trade openness affect long run growth? Cointegration,causality and forecast error variance decomposition tests for Pakistan

The study investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth in the long run. We apply the ARDL bounds testing approach to test for a long run relationship and the augmented production function by incorporating financial development as an additional determinant of economic growth using the framework of Mankiw et al. (1992). The results confirm cointegration among the series. In the long run, trade openness promotes economic growth. The growth-led-trade hypothesis is vindicated by VECM Granger causality test. The causality is also checked by using the innovative accounting approach (IAA).     

The dynamics of financial development,globalisation, economic growth and life expectancy in sub‐Saharan Africa

The importance of life expectancy is recognised in the development economics literature because of its increasing effects on labour productivity and economic growth in long‐run. However, no published study to date empirically examines the nonlinear relationships between globalisation, financial development, economic growth and life expectancy in sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries. Therefore, our study intends to fill this gap by using non‐parametric cointegration test and multivariate Granger causality test towards a non‐linear empirical understanding of the factors affecting the life expectancy. We consider the case of 16 sub‐Saharan African economies using annual data over the period 1970–2012. The empirical analysis indicates that financial development, globalisation and economic growth appear to have a positive impact upon life expectancy in sub‐Saharan African economies, except for Gabon and Togo. Our empirical findings may provide insightful policy implications towards improving population health conditions which are vital for promoting the productivity of labour force and long‐run economic growth in sub‐Saharan African countries. In light of these policy implications, governments should incorporate globalisation, financial development and economic growth as key economic instruments in formulating sustainable developmental policy to promote life expectancy for the people in sub‐Saharan African countries.     

Metabolic growth theory: market-share competition,learning uncertainty,and technology wavelets

Both exogenous and endogenous growth theories in neoclassical economics ignore the resource constraints and wavelike patterns in technology development. The logistic growth and species competition model in population dynamics provides an evolutionary framework of economic growth driven by technology wavelets in market-share competition. Learning by doing and knowledge accumulation ignores the interruptive nature of technology advancement. Creative destruction can be understood by using knowledge metabolism. Policies and institutions co-evolve during different stages of technology cycles. Division of labor is limited by the market extent, numbers of resources, and environment fluctuations. There is a trade-off between the stability and complexity of an ecological-industrial system. Diversified patterns in development strategy are shaped by culture and environment when facing learning uncertainty. The Western mode of division of labor is characterized by labor-saving and resource-intensive technology, while the Asian and Chinese modes feature resource-saving and labor-intensive technology. Nonlinear population dynamics provides a unified evolutionary theory from Smith, Malthus, to Schumpeter in economic growth and technology development.     

Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China

This paper investigates the existence and direction of Granger causality between economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in China, applying a multivariate model of economic growth, energy use, carbon emissions, capital and urban population. Empirical results for China over the period 1960-2007 suggest a unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP to energy consumption, and a unidirectional Granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run. Evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth. Therefore, the government of China can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth.     

Does export variety determine economic growth in Pakistan?

This study explores the impact of export variety on economic growth in Pakistan. Export variety is decomposed into export related (within sector) and unrelated variety (between sectors) to examine the long run effect of export related variety and unrelated variety on economic growth. For this purpose, we incorporated export related variety and unrelated variety into the production function. The result of cointegration test shows that variables of the study are cointegrated in the long run. The result of fully modified ordinary least squares confirms the positive and significant effect of export related variety and unrelated variety on economic growth. Furthermore, the long run estimates show that the magnitude of export related variety is more than export unrelated variety. This study also finds the positive and significant effect of human capital on economic growth in the long run. It can be deduced from the results of the study that a specific sector shock will not disturb the economic pace of Pakistan.