大数据技术与高新技术企业数据治理创新

企业实现数据治理的过程包括认知层面和实践层面,通过对太原高新技术产业开发区进行调研,发现高新技术企业数据治理水平总体偏低;影响高新技术企业实现数据治理的因素包括认知不全面、认知渠道不畅通、数据平台缺乏、数据功能不明显、组织创新滞后等。为了提高高新技术企业数据治理水平,需要做好以下6个方面的工作：制定国家大数据发展战略,引领高新技术企业走向数据化治理;建立和完善宣传机制,提高高新技术企业对大数据技术的认知程度;加快平台建设,为高新技术企业实现数据治理提供现实支撑;加快组织创新,为高新技术企业实现数据治理提供组织保障;充分发挥高新技术企业的示范引领作用;加快数据安全和人才队伍建设,为高新技术企业实现数据治理提供保障。     

Special Interests and Technological Change

We study an OLG economy where productivity growth comes from two alternative sources: process innovation and learning-by-doing. There is a trade-off between the two in so far as frequent technological updates reduce the scope for learning on existing technologies. A conflict is shown to arise between the young and the old, because the former favour innovation while the latter prefer learning. We model the interaction between overlapping generations and policy makers as a dynamic common agency problem, where competing generations invest a certain amount of resources to lobby either for the maintenance of the current technology or the adoption of a new one. By focusing on truthful Markov perfect equilibria, we characterize the political equilibrium and show its dependence on the underlying demographic, technological and preference parameters.     

技术创新乘数效应的运行机理与政策启示

技术创新是经济增长的主要源泉,但技术创新乘数效应则是一个有待拓展的重要理论命题。技术创新通过扩散产生引致经济增长的乘数效应。技术创新扩散是技术创新通过一定的渠道在潜在使用者之间的传播、采用的过程。考察技术创新乘数效应的内在运行机理可以发现,技术创新乘数效应是通过规模经济、范围经济、联结经济和速度经济等形态生成的,并与福特制、丰田制和温特制等组织载体相耦合。研究技术创新乘数效应,有助于揭示当前我国技术创新过程中的成效与不足,为进一步提高我国技术创新效率提供有效的理论借鉴。当前,中国已成长为开放型经济大国,在遵循技术创新内在运行规律的同时,应主动发挥大国经济优势和后发优势,通过多种路径为充分发挥技术创新乘数效应创造条件。     

Models of technological development and their relevance to advances in transportation

This study presents a general theory of technological development. In essence, two factors play an important role in the process of innovation. One is “learning” or acquisition of relevant production skills; the other is scale of operations of technology. The theory is applied to a variety of cases of innovation in the locomotive, tank ship, and aircraft technology over the course of time. It is suggested that the role of learning is far more important than hitherto recognized. In particular, development of new techniques is based on the rules of thumb rather than on the search for an objective optimum. The empirical results of the study further indicate that the process of learning in the development of transportation technology appears to have taken place largely in the capital-producing rather than in the capital-using sector. This confirms a conjecture of long-standing: at least in some sectors of the economy, all investment has the character of investment in R&D. Further, the role of learning is found to have been comparable to growth of scale. Thus, acquisition of production skills may well be an important alternative to large-scale technology. It is concluded that the process of technological change is appropriately viewed from the inside out rather than exclusively from the outside in.     

开放式创新平台组织采纳关键因素研究

运用技术-组织-环境框架与IT匹配理论等创新采纳理论,探索了组织采纳基于互联网开放式创新平台的关键因素及影响机制,揭示了开放式创新平台在组织中的采纳与扩散。运用探索性单案例研究方法,分析了影响开放式创新平台组织采纳的关键因素。研究发现,开放式创新平台的技术特质（相对优势、开放性、协同创新性、网络外部性）、组织情境（组织战略、高层支持、创新文化、组织规模）、外部环境（政策支持、外部压力）等因素对组织采纳决策具有直接影响作用。另外,技术特质与组织因素的匹配以及技术特质与环境因素的匹配不仅对采纳决策具有直接影响作用,而且对技术特质、组织情境、外部环境与采纳决策间关系发挥中介作用。     

服务创新能力对创新绩效的影响

构建了一个服务企业不同层面创新能力影响创新绩效的概念模型,并以酒店服务业为背景,采用访谈和问卷调查的方法对武汉、宜昌、襄阳三地的酒店服务创新活动展开调研,搜集相关数据。结果表明：服务企业不同层面的创新能力对创新绩效的影响具有明显差异。其中,新服务开发战略的影响最强,IT经验和注重新服务开发流程次之,市场敏锐性影响最弱;组织创新氛围对创新绩效的直接影不太显著,但组织创新氛围在服务创新能力对创新绩效的影响中具有显著的正向调节作用。     

XBRL财务呈报创新扩散的关键因素研究

XBRL是财务呈报领域内的一项重要技术创新,其采纳和扩散受多方面因素的影响。本文以创新扩散理论、组织学习理论和制度理论为基础来深入分析技术、组织和环境中各因素对XBRL采纳及扩散的影响。研究结果表明：复杂性、兼容性、相对优势、对技术的认知以及企业环境的模仿性压力是影响XBRL进一步扩散的决定性因素;而技术的学习资源和培训以及环境的规范性压力目前对XBRL扩散并没有显著影响。在此基础上提出有利于XBRL进一步扩散的相关建议。     

Information technology, organizational form, and transition to the market

The paper reviews theories of information technology adoption and organizational form and applies them to an empirical analysis of firm choices and characteristics in four transition economies: Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. We argue that two major structural changes have occurred, one concerning technology and another concerning firm ownership and boundaries, and we consider how each change may have affected the other. We estimate the impact of firm size, integration, and ownership on new information technology adoption and the impact of information technology on changes in firm boundaries and ownership, using a sample survey of 330 firms.     

筑好巢搭好桥：产学研合作知识耦合、信任与组织双元学习关系研究

组织双元学习是企业获取持续竞争优势的根本途径，企业与学研机构能力不匹配而产生的结构化困境是困扰企业组织学习的核心议题。基于产学研合作知识耦合视角，探讨产学研合作知识耦合对组织双元学习的作用机制以及信任对产学研合作知识耦合与组织双元学习关系的中介作用。基于226份产学研合作配对数据构建理论模型，利用层次回归法进行实证检验。结果发现，产学研合作知识耦合对探索式学习和利用式学习具有显著正向影响；产学研合作知识耦合对认知信任有显著促进作用，但对情感信任的促进作用不显著；同时，信任类型与组织双元学习方式匹配相对应，情感信任对探索式学习具有显著影响，认知信任对利用式学习具有显著影响；仅认知信任在产学研合作知识耦合与组织学习关系中发挥部分中介作用。     

企业的冗余资源及其有限理性来源观

企业对非常规活动的决策存在有限理性,使得与其相关的资源在价值和效率两个方面产生冗余,而重复决策产生的学习效应能够使人们认识冗余并通过创新来加以利用。     

关系学习、组织惯例更新对开放式服务创新的影响

为探索服务经济时代服务企业如何充分利用外部合作关系实现开放式服务创新,基于动态能力理论,以组织惯例更新为中介变量、共享愿景为调节变量,构建关系学习影响开放式服务创新的理论模型,并运用回归分析和Bootstrap方法,对376份样本数据进行实证分析。结果表明,信息共享、共同理解和特定关系记忆均会对开放式服务创新产生不同程度的积极影响;关系学习的3个维度（信息共享、共同理解和特定关系记忆）通过组织惯例更新的中介作用影响开放式服务创新;共享愿景在共同理解对组织惯例更新的驱动作用中发挥显著正向调节作用,但在信息共享和特定关系记忆影响组织惯例更新方面不具有显著调节作用。     

组织学习能力、双元性创新与企业绩效间关系的实证研究

利用782个中国企业样本的数据,通过回归分析探讨了组织学习能力对企业绩效的影响以及双元性创新在两者间的中介作用。研究结果显示:企业提高组织学习能力可在财务绩效、人力资源绩效和创新绩效3个方面获得相应回报;双元性创新在组织学习能力与企业绩效之间起部分中介作用;环境动态性在组织学习能力、双元性创新与企业绩效三者间起到正向调节作用。     

Population Growth, Technological Adoption, and Economic Outcomes in the Information Era

In this paper we argue that population growth, through its interaction with recent technological and organizational developments, may account for many cross-country differences in economic outcomes observed among industrialized countries over the past 20 years. In particular, our model illustrates how a large decrease in the price of information technology can create a comparative advantage for high population growth economies to jump ahead in the adoption of computer- and skill-intensive modes of production. They do this as a means of countering their relative scarcity of physical capital. The predictions of the model are that, over the span of the information revolution, industrial countries with higher population growth rates will experience a more pronounced adoption of new technology, a better performance in terms of increased employment rates, a poorer performance in terms of wage growth for less skilled workers, a larger increase in the service sector, and a larger increase in the returns to education. We provide preliminary evidence in support of the theory based on an examination of broad wage movements, employment changes, and computer adoption patterns for a set of OECD countries. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: O33, J31, J11.     

Foreign Aid, Innovation, and Technology Transfer in a North–South Model with Learning-by-Doing

The paper examines foreign aid in the context of a dynamic Ricardian model of trade and development that highlights the role of learning in both the initial adoption of new technologies and products and their eventual transfer from developed to developing countries. When aid is paid as a pure unilateral transfer, the conventional short‐run terms‐of‐trade improvement that results from a home bias in consumption causes harmful delays in the transfer of technology that can lead to mutual immiserization. Conversely, aid that directly or indirectly expedites technology transfer and learning in developing countries can be mutually beneficial.     

Closing the Technology Gap?

This paper focuses on the dimensions shaping the dynamics of technology. We present a model where the knowledge stock of a country grows over time as a function of three main factors: innovation intensity, technological infrastructures, and human capital. The latter two variables determine the absorptive capacity of a country as well as its innovative ability. We then carry out an empirical analysis that investigates the dynamics of technology in a large sample of economies in the last two‐decade period, and studies its relationships with income per capita growth. The results indicate that the cross‐country distributions of technological infrastructures and human capital have experienced a process of convergence, whereas the innovative intensity is characterized by increasing polarization between rich and poor economies. Thus, while the conditions for catching up have generally improved, the increasing innovation gap represents a major factor behind the observed differences in income per capita.     

科技成果商业规模示范：组织学习与政府政策支持的作用

商业规模示范是科技成果产业化的重要环节，当前关于如何推进商业规模示范的研究较少。研究组织学习、政府政策支持对商业规模示范的作用，选取312份企业调研数据进行实证分析。结果表明：①组织学习中的“用中学”和“互动中学”均对商业规模示范存在积极影响，且互动中学的作用更强；②政府政策支持不仅积极影响商业规模示范且正向调节互动中学与商业规模示范的关系；③不同规模、不同性质、不同地区企业商业规模示范及政府政策支持存在差异。该结论不仅有助于明晰商业规模示范中组织学习与政府政策支持的影响机制，而且揭示出企业研发、组织学习及政府政策支持并行是提升科技成果产业化质量与效率的重要途径。     

Effects of Technology Absorptive Capacity and Technology Proactivity on Organizational Learning, Innovation and Performance: An Empirical Examination

Technology is crucial for organizations in the knowledge society, but little empirical research has been conducted on technology absorptive capacity and technology proactivity. Based on existing theoretical studies, this article formulates a global model to analyse how technology absorptive capacity and technology proactivity influence organizational learning and organizational innovation, and how these dynamics capabilities affect organizational performance. The model also shows how organizational learning affects organizational innovation. The hypotheses are tested using data from 246 Spanish technological firms. The paper discusses the findings and provides several implications for future research. The findings are important for management practice, especially for firms where technology is the main strategic element.     

Effects of Technology Absorptive Capacity and Technology Proactivity on Organizational Learning,Innovation and Performance: An Empirical Examination

Technology is crucial for organizations in the knowledge society, but little empirical research has been conducted on technology absorptive capacity and technology proactivity. Based on existing theoretical studies, this article formulates a global model to analyse how technology absorptive capacity and technology proactivity influence organizational learning and organizational innovation, and how these dynamics capabilities affect organizational performance. The model also shows how organizational learning affects organizational innovation. The hypotheses are tested using data from 246 Spanish technological firms. The paper discusses the findings and provides several implications for future research. The findings are important for management practice, especially for firms where technology is the main strategic element.     

Urban design and energy utilization: A comparative analysis of soviet practice

The consumption of energy by urban populations depends in part upon the efficiency of the process used to provide residential, commercial, and industrial heat. This paper explores the systemic determinants of the adoption of district heating and co-generation, evaluates the extent of resulting energy savings, and appraises USSR practice. Differences between economic systems in the specification of property rights cause differences in both transaction costs and the treatment of externalities and partially explain the greater utilization of district heating and co-generation in planned economies. Institutional changes required in market economies to adopt this urban-design strategy are suggested.     

知识创造视角下军民融合深度发展技术融合模式及选择研究

技术创新是推动经济增长、维护国家安全和决定国家竞争力的重要因素,随着国防经济与国民经济、军用技术与民用技术界限的日渐模糊,技术创新活动交叉融合已成为科技发展新的增长点。在军民融合国家战略指导下,技术融合是军民融合深度发展的关键。技术的本质是知识,军民融合深度发展技术融合实质上是技术知识创造、转移与价值应用再现的过程。从知识创造理论出发研究军民融合深度发展技术融合模式及其选择问题,运用模糊综合评价和AHP法构建融合创新模式选择模型,旨在为军工、民用企业等技术主体选择技术融合模式、实现军民融合深度发展提供决策参考。