中央银行外汇干预的国际经验——基于面板工具变量法的分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

外汇干预作为一项重要的政策工具被各国央行广泛采用,在当前中国外汇干预存在争议的背景下,总结中央银行外汇干预国际经验具有重要意义。本文选取哥伦比亚和新西兰两个代表性国家总结其外汇干预经验,然后基于面板工具变量法,对全球23个国家和地区的外汇干预有效性进行实证分析。结果表明,中央银行正向外汇干预对名义双边汇率和实际有效汇率均有减缓波动的作用,达到了稳定汇率的效果。从现阶段来看,当前外汇干预作为维护汇率稳定、调节内外平衡的政策权限,应该予以保留。我国中央银行要实现合理的干预行为,需要有恰当的干预时机、灵活的干预方式、与之协调的干预目标,以及配套的宏观经济政策和逐步完善的市场环境。     

外部冲击、金融业开放与“双支柱”调控

面对高度复杂不确定的外部环境,如何设计政策组合以实现金融业开放、汇率市场化以及国内经济恢复等多重宏观经济目标具有重要的理论与现实意义。为此,本文构建一个具有金融业开放特征的多部门DSGE模型,分析货币政策与宏观审慎政策“双支柱”调控框架应对外部冲击的作用机制与福利效果,并讨论金融业开放水平对汇率制度选择与政策协调搭配的影响。研究表明：为应对外部冲击,中央银行对汇率波动进行管理的力度需要随金融业开放水平的提高而不断加大。同时,金融业开放水平越高,宏观审慎政策逆周期调节银行资产负债表以稳定金融系统乃至整个宏观经济的效果越好。进一步地,在“双支柱”调控框架下,货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调搭配使用不仅可以带来显著的福利改进,而且能够降低央行对汇率波动的最优管理程度,提高货币政策独立性,从而为实现金融业开放、汇率市场化以及国内经济恢复等多重目标创造条件。     

中央银行沟通对人民币汇率波动的影响

本文首先在开放经济环境下基于传统非套补利率平价理论,将中央银行沟通指示器引入理论模型进行研究。然后以2006年10月-2014年12月期间中国人民银行沟通频数和人民币汇率数据为样本,采用EGARCH模型实证分析了中央银行沟通对人民币汇率波动的总体影响、不同沟通渠道以及口头沟通的不同主体、不同内容和不同货币政策取向沟通对人民币汇率波动的影响程度。实证结果显示:(1)中央银行沟通对人民币汇率波动有较为显著的影响;(2)书面沟通的作用效果优于口头沟通;(3)口头沟通中行长沟通与他人沟通相比更有效;(4)口头沟通中关于货币政策取向沟通的效果优于宏观经济展望;(5)宽松意图沟通的效果优于紧缩意图。本文的研究表明,中央银行沟通可在汇率的预期管理中发挥积极作用,促进汇率平稳波动;在沟通策略上,应注重发展口头沟通,并重视宽松意图沟通的运用。     

开放经济条件下的中国货币政策

更加浮动的汇率制度对中国货币政策和实际经济会有什么影响？通过建立一个统一的模型分析基于不同目标的中央银行的最优货币政策以及利用一个附加汇率项的前瞻型Taylor规则进行实证检验发现，货币政策制定者在面临开放经济条件下国内外最优分配资源的权衡时，浮动汇率制成为要实行稳定国内经济并能有效应对国内外冲击的独立和内向型货币政策的最优选择。     

金融市场开放下中国最优货币政策规则选择

随着中国改革开放的深入,特别是金融市场开放程度的提高,相机抉择的货币政策执行难度不断加大,学术界对于按一定规则制定货币政策的呼声也持续升温。金融市场开放条件下中央银行货币政策规则该如何选择?本文通过构建开放经济宏观经济模型,模拟得出不同金融市场开放度下的各主要利率规则的效果及福利损失。研究结果表明,金融市场开放主要会导致宏观经济短期受国外冲击影响波动变大,尤其是受国外利率冲击的影响,长期在利率规则作用下经济恢复均衡,且盯住国内通胀规则在金融市场开放度较低时较为适用,金融市场开放度较高时传统泰勒规则较优。同时也启示我们,在坚持逐步开放金融的同时必须加快利率市场化改革的步伐,促进货币政策利率传导渠道的畅通,从而使利率规则在金融市场不断开放过程中应对宏观经济可能面临的各种冲击时发挥有效作用。     

汇率政策与货币政策冲突的协调管理

由外汇干预引起的汇率政策与货币政策的冲突可以从三个层次进行协调管理，即在外部经济内部实现汇率政策目标，货币政策的冲销干预和中和的财政政策。其中，第一个层次又包括在国际收支平衡表内部间接实现汇率政策目标，货币当局的外汇市场操作和弹性汇率制度三个子层次，中国宏观经济运行自1994年来经历了1994-1996年间和1998-2000年间汇率政策与货币政策的两次冲突，中央银行先后运用再贷款和公开市场操作两种货币政策进行冲销干预。中国金融与世界金融的进一步融合要求我们更好地协调好汇率政策与货币政策的冲突。     

市场预期对外汇干预效果的影响

当今各国所采用的汇率制度,即使是浮动汇率制度,也常常伴随着中央银行的外汇市场干预行为,故而被称为管理浮动汇率制度。中央银行的外汇干预具有多种动机,如为了避免汇率过度的短期波动,或是控制汇率的中长期走势,甚至借以改变货币供应量等。本文主要讨论中央银行从汇率目标出发在外汇市场进行干预,以便使市场汇率与目标汇率一致的外汇买卖行为。鉴于中央银行的外汇干预会导致市场预期的变化,而这种变化既可能有助于也可能不利于干预目标的实现,因此,分析市场预期对于提高外汇干预的效果无疑具有至关重要的意义。理论模型分析鉴于汇率在现代…     

开放经济下货币政策传导的时变效应研究——基于TVP-SV-VAR模型

开放经济下，伴随经济结构性变化、货币政策转型以及汇率改革等宏观经济信息同时出现，货币政策对宏观经济的影响变化成为了亟待研究的问题。为此，本文通过构建兼具随机波动和时变参数的VAR模型，刻画经济系统中货币政策冲击以及传导机制的时变性，并以此分析开放经济下货币政策对宏观经济调控的有效性。研究结果显示：第一，当前宏观经济的微波化是由货币政策效用增强以及外部冲击规模减小共同引起的；第二，在开放型市场经济的大环境下，人民币汇率市场化进程的推进伴随着货币政策传导机制更为顺畅，货币政策的调控效果有所增强。货币当局在制定货币政策时应及时充分考虑人民币汇率等外部金融市场信息冲击的影响因素，并合理搭配政策措施，以增强我国宏观经济政策调控的有效性。     

货币政策与宏观审慎政策共同支持宏观经济稳定

货币政策是维持宏观经济稳定运行的重要政策工具,但2007—2009年国际金融危机表明,仅仅保持物价水平稳定,忽视金融风险,并不足以维持宏观经济稳定。近年来中国提出双支柱宏观政策框架以支持宏观经济稳定,这一创新具有重要的理论与现实意义。我们首先提出了双支柱宏观调控的框架,强调应该注重两类政策目标的协同与矛盾、政策传导渠道的相互交叉与影响、冲击类型与开放条件的差异等,从而保证双支柱宏观调控对宏观经济的稳定效应。接下来,我们建立了一个DSGE两国模型,作为分析双支柱宏观调控稳定宏观经济的案例研究。研究表明,第一,金融冲击下,货币政策有助于稳定宏观经济,且随着汇率制度从固定转向浮动,货币政策稳定宏观经济的效果会明显加强。第二,在货币政策的基础上,增加以跨境资本流入税为代表的宏观审慎政策工具,可以有效遏制金融市场的顺周期机制,进一步提高宏观经济的稳定性,从而验证了双支柱宏观调控的有效性。第三,双支柱宏观调控的有效性与汇率制度有关,当汇率灵活性水平较低时,双支柱宏观调控对宏观经济的稳定效果更好。     

人民币汇率的微观结构与外汇储备管理

本文从汇率微观结构理论的视角，对人民币汇率形成机制的改革进行了探讨。在未来的人民币汇率定价过程中，中央银行的作用将逐步减弱，而且外汇干预的方式将发生很大改变，这无疑会对外汇储备的增长方式有深远的影响。本文试图从外汇做市商库存控制的角度，分析中央银行在人民币汇率管理过程中的表现，并且从中央银行与外汇做市商的互动关系出发，对完善人民币汇率管理的方向进行了探讨。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

Short-sale refinancing and price adjustment speed to bad news: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Short selling may accelerate stock price adjustment to negative news. However, the literature provides mixed evidence for this prediction. Using short-sale refinancing and a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model, this paper explores the effect of short selling on stock price adjustment. Our results show that (1) short-sale refinancing improves the speed of stock price adjustment to negative news. This result holds after we control for endogeneity. (2) The positive relationship between short-sale refinancing and stock price adjustment speed is significant in subsamples of stocks with higher earnings management or lower accuracy of analyst forecasts, indicating that firms with more opaque information are more likely to be targeted by short sellers. In subsamples of stocks with a higher ownership concentration or lower ownership by institutional investors, short selling is more likely to increase the speed of stock price adjustment, indicating that ownership structure may influence negative news mining. (3) As short-sale refinancing exacerbates the absorption of bad news by stock prices, it increases crash risk. This study enriches the research on the economic consequences of short selling and provides empirical evidence supporting regulations on short selling in China.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:     

The China puzzle: Opportunities for accounting research

How can China achieve phenomenal economic growth despite what is considered as 'weak' institutions in market-based economies? Xu(2011) provides a framework to u...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original