生命周期管理研究现状与展望

建立在生命周期评价理论与方法基础上的生命周期管理逐渐引起了研究机构、企业和公众的关注。文章通过文献综述,从概念框架和应用实践两方面总结了国内外生命周期管理的研究进展,发现当前关于生命周期管理的研究多是基于生命周期评价的结果,针对不同的管理对象采取相应的管理措施;国外生命周期管理实践已在产品、企业和行业等不同层面成功开展,国内的相关研究和应用则相对滞后。通过梳理生命周期管理的研究现状,对未来研究重点和发展方向作了展望,以期为生命周期管理在各领域的广泛应用起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

产品生命周期成本管理研究

产品生命周期成本管理摒弃了传统成本管理只从生产领域研究成本降低的狭隘视角,从更为宏观的产品生命周期的角度来统筹整个产品生命周期的成本管理。文章从产品生命周期成本管理的概念、分类和研究意义着手,进一步深入分析和研究产品生命周期各阶段的成本管理重点及相应采取的成本管理方法,最后提出了产品生命周期成本管理在我国应用的几点建议。     

企业生命周期的生态生产行为研究——以苏州企业为例

对于保护环境而言,人类中心主义和非人类中心主义都强调保护环境的重要性,只是保护的理由和方法不同。而研究企业各个生命周期的生态生产行为,离不开＂人＂的生态价值观的转变,这就要求从＂人＂的主体性角度来研究人与环境的关系,而不单单空洞地离开＂人＂而谈论＂人与环境＂的关系。＂     

西方经济学界可持续消费研究综述

2000年以来,西方经济学界对于可持续消费的研究主要集中在经济动因、评价方法和效果分析上.在经济动因方面,从早期对消费者自身福利的关注扩展到消费者选择、企业环境标志产品的供给、环境经济政策和经济衰退等方面;在评价方法方面,对环境投入产出分析法和传统生命周期评价法进行改进,提出了废弃物投入产出模型和综合生命周期评价法,并应用新经济学理论探索了从整体对可持续消费进行评价的多指标评价法;在效果分析方面,从研究可持续消费的正向影响转向研究其反弹效应.     

基于全生命周期的农业绿色发展成本增量研究

农业绿色发展是推进乡村生态振兴的重大举措,文章以绿色农产品为中心,提出了农业绿色发展全生命周期的四个阶段,即规划设计阶段、生产加工阶段、储藏流通阶段和生态环境管控阶段,明确了农业绿色发展成本增量的内涵及计算方法,详细分析了农业绿色发展成本增量具有的复杂性、系统性、灰色性和递减性等特征,并对其主要影响因素即质量定位、技术措施、生态本底和利益主体进行了分析。最后,基于全生命周期方法,从生命周期不同阶段,对农业绿色发展成本增量的组成进行全过程识别和量化,实现农业绿色发展成本增量的阶段控制和管理,为农业绿色发展成本共担机制提供了技术依据,推动我国绿色生态为导向的农业补贴制度改革。     

建筑业发展循环经济模式研究

根据循环经济的＂3R＂原则,按照系统分析的方法,从逻辑维度构建了建筑业大、中、小三种规模的循环方式：单体企业自然资源节约循环模式、企业共生关系循环模式、建筑业产业链资源利用循环模式;从时间维度看,有必要把＂3R＂原则贯穿于产品规划、设计、运行的整个生命周期中,由此构建出基于建筑项目生命周期的循环经济模式。     

对农业生产“丰收悖论”问题的研究

农业生产往往是丰产不丰收,即在农业生产过程中存在着＂丰收悖论＂的现象。本文分析了我国农业生产＂丰收悖论＂产生的原因不是农产品过剩,而是农产品分布不均匀所致,解决我国农业生产＂丰产悖论＂应构建以供应链思想为基础的现代农业物流体系。     

菜籽油生物柴油技术经济评价——基于全生命周期评价方法

采用全生命周期评价方法,对菜籽油制生物柴油的二氧化碳排放量和经济性进行了评估,旨在说明用菜籽油生产生物柴油对环境的影响及其经济价值。结果表明:在用菜籽油生产生物柴油的全生命周期过程中,排放入大气中的二氧化碳量远低于从大气中吸收的二氧化碳量,油菜籽制生物柴油是一种环境友好的燃料;就经济性而言,菜籽油制生物柴油的生产成本较高,每吨约高出0#柴油3178.2元,生物柴油的商业化应用尚需等待原料成本的降低。     

可持续技术的筛选方法与评价指标体系研究

从生命周期评价的角度,界定了可持续技术的内涵;探讨了可持续技术的筛选原则与方法,初步构建了综合评价可持续技术的指标体系,为可持续技术的筛选和应用提供方法论基础。     

碳足迹的概念和核算方法研究进展

碳足迹提供了分析人类活动对气候变化影响的新视角.从概念和核算方法两个方面对有关碳足迹的研究进行了分析:(1)概念上,碳足迹目前无统一的定义.在分析度量单位、温室气体种类及系统边界的基础上,文章提出了碳足迹的建议定义.(2)方法上,碳足迹目前无统一的核算方法.投入产出分析、生命周期评价及混合生命周期评价是三种主要的核算方法.文章对这三种方法的原理、适用范围、优缺点及应用情况进行了分析.最后,从方法、应用和不确定性三个方面对碳足迹研究作了展望.     

R&D decision support by parallel assessment of economic, ecological and social impact — Adipic acid from renewable resources versus adipic acid from crude oil

The concept of eco-efficiency has largely been applied along these years. This study proposes the earlier application of this concept, namely the R&D stage of a product. Together with the economic and ecological assessment, the social impacts were analysed in the production of adipic acid from renewable resources. Conventional adipic acid based on crude oil served as a benchmark. The work was carried out within the frame of the EU funded project BIOFOAM. The ecological aspects were addressed in the Life Cycle Perspective by performing a Life Cycle Assessment. The economic impacts were assessed by the application of the Life Cycle Costing under a ‘total production cost’ perspective. In this case, the addressee is interested in several steps of the value chain, but only of the steps that are related to the consortium as a single player in the value chain. The Life Cycle Working Environment method was used to assess the social impacts. Data sources were based on the project consortium, literature and statistics. Despite of the fact that the conventional routes still outperform the new bio-source based adipic acid, the application of this methodology has shown as successful way of identifying problem fields and paving further research.     

农工商一体化的葡萄酒业生态经济模式——以张裕卡斯特酒庄为例

烟台张裕卡斯特酒庄是一个集生态农业、生态工业、生态旅游多功能于一体,具有典型循环经济特征的葡萄酒生产企业。其农工商一体化的生态经济模式,是中国葡萄酒业发展的必然产物,能够最大限度地利用资源,减少对环境的污染,使人与自然环境、酿酒工业与自然环境、社会环境和自然环境实现协调发展。     

推动腐屑资源利用促进循环经济发展

循环经济思想是当前促进国民经济与生态环境健康协调发展的重要指导思想。推动腐屑资源利用是循环经济思想在农业领域的重要实现途径。腐屑资源利用符合大农业体系的基本框架,而大农业体系又是全部农业范畴与循环经济思想的有机结合。我们应构建腐屑生态体系,促进循环经济发展,迎接新的历史性的农业变革。     

The role of agriculture in aggregate business cycles

There are substantial differences in business cycle fluctuations across countries. These differences are systematically related to the share of agriculture in the economy: Countries with a high share of employment in agriculture feature high fluctuations in aggregate output, low relative volatility of aggregate employment, and low correlation of aggregate output and employment. In addition, agriculture has certain distinctive features over the business cycle: Output and employment in agriculture are more volatile than and not positively correlated with output and employment in the rest of the economy and output and employment are less correlated in agriculture than in non-agriculture. Because of these features, agriculture may play a role in accounting for aggregate business cycles across countries. We calibrate an otherwise standard two-sector indivisible-labor business cycle model with agriculture and non-agriculture to aggregate and sectoral data for the United States. We find that an increase in the employment to population ratio in agriculture from 2 to 30 percent in our model increases fluctuations in aggregate output by almost 40 percent. This is about 2/3 of the difference in aggregate fluctuations between countries such as Turkey and the United States.     

The Short-Term Impact of a Domestic Cap-and-Trade Climate Policy on Local Agriculture: A Policy Simulation with Producer Behavior

This study is intended to develop understanding of possible impact of a domestic cap-and-trade climate policy on local agriculture. We focus the study on the transition period after the policy has raised input prices for production but before establishment of new equilibrium in agricultural commodity markets. We construct a policy simulation model based on production economics that explicitly considers producer behavior in the focal period. We apply the model to a production region in the US to quantify the impact of different levels of carbon price on production cost, production value, and farm income. Our case study shows that: (1) producers have ability to alleviate the cost impact, (2) producers may benefit by selling carbon credits in the carbon market but the revenue is likely to be limited, (3) the economic return of farm production is critical to the impact assessment, (4) the impact may vary across producers, and (5) regulation on the fertilizer industry is an important policy element that can influence the assessment of the impact. This study has important implications for climate policy design.     

沈阳市再生水源热泵供暖技术的节能减排潜力

利用生命周期评价方法分析对比再生水源热泵和燃煤锅炉在原材料生产、机组生产、运输、热量生产及废弃物处理整生命周期过程的能源消耗及SO2、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)排放。结果表明在生产1GJ热能的情况下,再生水源热泵比燃煤锅炉节能约1GJ,减排SO20.7kg,减排大气TSP 7.2kg。热量生产阶段是耗能及污染物排放的关键环节,超过99%的能源消耗和污染排放在这一环节产生。在供暖季节,如果沈阳市现有和规划污水处理厂的再生水应用再生水源热泵替代燃煤锅炉供暖,在每年的供暖期里可为沈阳市节能11×106GJ(折合标煤37.5×104t),减排SO275.9t,减排TSP 775.4t。     

现代农业发展规律的新发现：论“农业是基础”的生态经济规律的客观性

本文运用生态经济理论，阐明了农业生态环境是农业发展的基础，从而揭示了“农业是基础”的生态环境、生产力和生产关系相互作用与统一运动的生态经济规律。     

我国财政支农对农业综合生产能力影响的实证分析

本文利用1978年-2003年的数据,通过建立误差修正模型,指出我国目前所采取的财政支农措施不能达到提高农业综合生产能力的目的,而只是一种被动性的临时政策举措,并没有建立起确保农民持续增收、粮食稳定增产和粮食安全的财政支农长效机制。作者进一步分析了我国财政支农对提高农业综合生产能力无效的原因所在,并相应提出了如何实现财政支农促进农业综合生产能力的政策建议。     

Dual equilibrium and growth cycle in Argentina

Argentina’s GDP growth cycle, tracing the high exchange rate volatility in 1970–2008, is discussed. Growth depends on foreign exchange availability. The country’s comparative advantage is in agriculture, but manufactured exports are grow faster. Two remarkably different PPP exchange rates coexist – one appropriate for agriculture and one for manufacturing – destabilising the market exchange rate. Thus, two unstable growth equilibria coexist generating GDP fluctuations. Currency devaluation sets the cycle’s ceiling and the end of devaluation sets the cycle’s floor. Chronic government deficits widen the cycle, harming institutions and decelerating growth. A land tax to finance rural investment would facilitate a high and stable exchange rate (AR$/US$) and convergence to the high growth equilibrium.     

政府对农业生产基础设施投资效应分析

当前中国农业正处于由传统农业向现代化农业转轨的过渡期，农业和农村发展仍然处在艰难的爬坡阶段．需要大量资金投入，在基础设施建设方面更是如此。中国财政支农支出增幅不到位，农业基础设施脆弱，农业生产基础设施发展滞后一直是中国农村经济发展的瓶颈，应切实加强农业生产基础设施建设，加强政府对农业生产基础设施投资。以加快社会主义新农村建设。