Bank Interest Rate Adjustments: Are They Asymmetric?

This paper is concerned with the asymmetric adjustments between three Australian bank interest rates: a bank bill rate, a loan rate and a deposit rate. A multivariate asymmetric error-correction model is applied to capture the interplay of long-run relationships between the levels of the rates and short-run relationships between the changes in the rates. The empirical analysis, for the sample period 1990:01–2000:04, shows that interest rate adjustments, in response to positive and negative shocks, are asymmetric in the short run, but not in the long run. In particular, the results suggest that banks adjust their loan and deposit rates, in response to a change in the bank-bill rate, at a faster rate during periods of monetary easings (negative changes) than during periods of monetary tightenings (positive changes).     

Interest rate pass through and asymmetries in retail deposit and lending rates: An analysis using data from Colombian banks

Using a sample of Colombian banks, we examine retail interest rate adjustment in response to changes in wholesale interest rates. Interest rate pass through running from wholesale to retail rates is found to be both partial and heterogeneous across banks. This suggests that the effectiveness of monetary policy is limited. Further investigation reveals that the behaviour of retail deposit rates appears consistent with collusive behaviour between banks insofar as interest rates are more rapidly adjusted downwards than upwards. In the case of retail lending rates, it appears that banks more rapidly reduce than increase rates. This suggests that expansionary monetary policy in Colombia may be relatively more effective than contractionary policy.     

Bank behavior, incomplete interest rate pass-through, and the cost channel of monetary policy transmission

This paper employs a New Keynesian DSGE model to explore the role of banks within the cost channel of monetary policy transmission for shaping the interest rate pass-through from money market rates to loan rates. Banks extend loans to firms in an environment of monopolistic competition by setting their loan rates in a staggered way, which means that the adjustment of the aggregate loan rate to a monetary policy shock is sticky. We estimate the model for the euro area by adopting a minimum distance approach. Our findings exhibit that (i) financial costs are an important factor for price changes, (ii) frictions in the loan market have an effect on the propagation of monetary policy shocks as the pass-through from a change in money market rates to loan rates is incomplete, and (iii) the strength of the cost channel is mitigated as banks shelter firms from monetary policy shocks by smoothing loan rates.     

存款利率市场化下商业银行经营结构与存款利率的关系研究

中国存款利率市场化开启时期正是银行经营快速转型阶段，研究银行经营结构对存款利率的影响具有重要现实意义。基于2011—2017年中国105家银行数据，本文验证了银行经营结构与存款利率之间的关系。研究表明：（1）两类非利息收入影响存款利率的方向不同。手续费及佣金收入降低了存款利率，而其他经营收入提高了存款利率。（2）存款负债占比越高，存款利率越高，且这一作用在城商行和农商行中更明显。（3）非利息收入和存款负债存在交互作用。手续费及佣金收入、存款负债减弱了彼此调节存款利率的作用，其他经营收入、存款负债增强了彼此调节存款利率的作用。（4）影子银行规模越大、存款利率越高，但这一作用随着手续费及佣金收入的扩大而减弱。随着利率“双轨制”的逐步取消与金融业的进一步开放，银行需尽快完善存款定价机制，防范利率风险。      

内生时机选择下国有和外资银行的利率竞争

结合中国银行业的背景,本文建立了国有和外资银行以利率为决策变量的 Bertrand 和 Stackelberg 混合寡占模型,并以内生时机选择为思路,前瞻性地探讨了国有和外资银行的竞争格局和时机选择问题.研究发现:(1)在一定参数范围内,国有银行较外资银行有更低的存款利率.在国有化程度较小时,Bertrand下的国有银行利润大于其作为领导者的利润;(2)在国有银行做领导者的利率竞争中,国有和外资银行存款利率会随着国有化程度及二者存款收益的增加而上升;(3)在私有化程度很高且二者存款收益相等时,利率竞争扩展博弈的SPNE是国有银行领先,外资银行跟随.     

Interest Rate Pass-Through: Empirical Results for the Euro Area

Abstract. This paper empirically examines the interest rate pass‐through at the euro area level. The focus is on the pass‐through of official interest rates, approximated by the overnight interest rate, to longer‐term market interest rates, which, in turn, are a proxy for the marginal costs for banks to attract deposits or grant loans, and therefore passed through to retail bank interest rates. Empirical results, on the basis of a (vector) error‐correction and vector autoregressive model, suggest that the pass‐through of official interest to market interest rates is complete for money market interest rates up to three months, but not for market interest rates with longer maturities. Furthermore, the immediate pass‐through of changes in market interest rates to bank deposit and lending rates is found to be at most 50%, whereas the final pass‐through is typically found to be close to 100%, in particular for lending rates. Empirical results for a sub‐sample starting in January 1999 show qualitatively similar findings and are supportive of a quicker interest rate pass‐through since the introduction of the euro. It is shown that the difference between the adjustment speed of bank deposit and lending rates (typically around one versus three months since the common monetary policy) can to a large extent significantly be explained by credit risk considerations.     

The Australian Economy in 2019–20: Slower Growth,Record Low Interest Rates and a Changing Housing Landscape

Economic activity in Australia slowed considerably in 2018–19, with domestic demand growth halving and unemployment rising. Consistent with the slowdown, both consumer and wage inflation have remained weak. A synchronised growth slow-down was observed across major economies, to some extent underpinned by the on-going US–China trade war. Central banks have responded to weak growth by cutting rates. The US Federal Reserve cut its target for the federal funds rate three times in 2019, as did Australia. To date, record low Australian interest rates have been associated with additional housing-related debt and asset price appreciation.     

利率市场化与商业银行利率风险管理

我国商业银行资产负债结构比较单一 ,主要是存贷款业务而且两者不匹配 ,利率市场化后 ,可能给商业银行带来的利率风险有四类 ;我国商业银行应参照巴塞尔利率管理的核心原则 ,积极推进利率风险管理体系的建设。     

Requiem for the interest rate controls in China

This paper reviewed the retail interest rate control deregulation in China over the period 1993–2015 to provide a preliminary assessment of the People's Bank of China's (PBC's) new operating framework. The interest rate controls triggered the development of deposit substitutes that banks used to circumvent the restrictions, which, in turn, drove deposits out of commercial banks. This gave rise to concerns about a deterioration of bank profits and a build-up of financial fragility, which have pushed up the PBC's deregulation acceleration over the post-2012 period. This study quantified the distortionary effects of these controls: disintermediation, a rising shadow banking system, and financial repression. Despite the official lifting of controls, retail interest rates are still subject to the PBC's window guidance and other pricing mechanism guidance. The preliminary assessment of the new interest rate corridor system is encouraging: Its bounds are effective most of the time.     

Religiosity versus rationality: Depositor behavior in Islamic and conventional banks

This study investigates the behavioral aspects of Islamic bank depositors in a dual banking system. By categorizing depositors into groups based on the amount of their deposited funds, we estimate the responses of these groups to interest rate changes. We take the findings of conventional banks as a comparative baseline and investigate the extent to which the changes in different Islamic depositor groups differ from conventional depositor groups. The findings show that depositors in both Islamic and conventional banks respond to interest rate changes. The analysis indicates that Islamic bank depositors are more responsive when their deposit sizes are larger. When Islamic bank depositors’ opportunity costs rise due to a rise in the interest rate, they do not hesitate to withdraw deposits. The relation between interest rate changes and deposits is more robust in Islamic banks than in conventional banks.     

Are there asymmetries in the response of bank interest rates to monetary shocks?

This article examines the velocity and asymmetry of the response of bank interest rates to monetary policy shocks. Using an asymmetric vector error correction model, it analyses the pass-through of changes in money market rates to retail bank interest rates in Italy in the period 1985–2002. The main results of the article are: (1) the speed of adjustment of bank interest rates to monetary policy changes increased significantly after the introduction of the 1993 Consolidated Law on Banking; (2) interest rate adjustment in response to positive and negative shocks is asymmetric in the short run, but not in the long run; (3) banks adjust their loan (deposit) rate faster during periods of monetary tightening (easing); (4) this asymmetry almost vanished since the 1990s.     

Exploiting old customers and attracting new ones: The case of bank deposit pricing

Recent theoretical contributions suggest that deposit interest rates should be higher in geographic areas characterized by greater in-migration and lower for depositors at banks with greater shares of existing (or so-called “locked-in”) depositors. These hypotheses are tested using a rich data set obtained for the Spanish banking industry. Results confirm that, all else equal, banks offer higher deposit rates in territories characterized by greater in-migration, and also that they tend to offer lower rates, the larger the number of their locked-in depositors. These findings confirm the existence of the trade-off between exploiting old customers and attracting new ones.     

Asymmetric interest rate pass-through in the U.S., the U.K. and Australia: New evidence from selected individual banks

This paper provides new evidence on asymmetric interest rate pass-through in the U.S., the U.K. and the Australian economies by using the Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model, central bank interest rates, lending and deposit interest rates from selected banks, spanning the period 2000–2013. The results provide evidence that corroborates the asymmetric pass-through market predictions. Robustness tests are also performed by splitting the sample period into that prior to and after the recent financial crisis. The new findings document that the asymmetric character of pass-through remains active only in the case of Australia.     

基于Merton模型的存款保险定价研究

存款保险制度的核心是存款保险费率的厘定。本文以Merton存款保险定价的看跌期权模型为基础,引入监管宽容和未保险存款的利率两个参数,给出了商业银行存款保险定价公式。选择不同的银行对其保险费率进行估算,所得的保险费率之间有一定的差距,表明不同银行的存款保险费率是不同的,中国不适合单一费率,而适合风险费率。本文对我国正在酝酿出台的存款保险制度具有一定的指导意义。     

How Islamic are Islamic banks? A non-linear assessment of Islamic rate – conventional rate relations

In this paper, we perform a non-linear assessment of Islamic rate – conventional rate relations for the case of Malaysia. Using monthly data covering the period January 1999 to November 2016, we find strong evidence supporting non-linear reactions of the Islamic investment rates to conventional rates in the long run and/or short-run for all matched maturities. More precisely, the Islamic investment rates exhibit faster upward movement (slower downward movement) in responses to conventional deposit rate increases (decreases). The asymmetric pricing behaviour of Islamic banks however tends to weaken as maturity lengthens. Accordingly, we infer that Islamic banks do not rigidly peg their investment deposit rates to conventional deposit rates as some have claimed in questioning the Islamicity of Islamic banks.     

利率市场化进程中我国商业银行的战略选择

我国利率市场化改革现阶段巳步入放开存款利率上限和贷款利率下限的关键时刻。面对利率市场化进一步深化的冲击,商业银行应走差异化道路,改善盈利模式,拓展有自身特色的中间业务,同时理财产品向客户需求导向型发展,提供多元化的理财服务并注重银行零售业务的发展。     

Determinants of Interest Rate Pass-through for Emerging Market Economies: The Role of Financial Market Structure

It is essential for central banks to assess whether or not the pass-through from monetary policy rates to credit and deposit interest rates is complete in order to ensure price stability. In this article, we analyze interest rate pass-through process for emerging market economies. Since emerging market countries lack large panel data sets that are typically available for developed countries, it is hard to analyze the determinants of pass-through coefficients for emerging market countries. To overcome the data issue, we developed a country selection procedure that minimizes heterogeneity among the countries included in the analysis. Our findings indicate that banking sectors?? competition plays a more important role for emerging market countries than their developed counterparts.     

Dual market competition and deposit rate setting in Islamic and conventional banks

This paper addresses the issue of competition in dual banking markets by analyzing the determinants of deposit rates in Islamic and conventional banks. Using a sample of 20 countries with dual banking systems over the 2000–2014 period, our results show significant differences in the drivers of Islamic and conventional banks' pricing behavior. Conventional banks with stronger market power set lower deposit rates but market power is not significant for Islamic banks. In predominantly Muslim environments, conventional banks set higher deposit rates and further higher when their market power is lower. Whereas conventional banks are influenced by the competitiveness of Islamic banks, Islamic banks are only affected by their peers in predominantly Muslim countries. Our findings have important implications regarding competition and bank stability in dual banking markets.     

Interest arbitrage in the Euro-currency markets

This study investigates how interest rates in the non-dollar Euro-currency markets are determined. Each of these Euro-currency rates is linked to the Euro-dollar rate through arbitrage operations undertaken by banks. Evidence from regressions of the Euro-currency rates on the Euro-dollar rate and the corresponding forward premium confirms that each non-dollar rate adheres closely to interest parity. Arbitrage results in unifying the Euro-currency markets so that supply and demand pressures in any individual market are spread throughout other Euro-currency markets. Because of the overwhelming size of the Euro-dollar market, conditions in this market tend to dominate conditions in the remaining Euro-currency markets.     

Multiple equilibrium overnight rates in a dynamic interbank market game

We analyse a two-period model of the interbank market, i.e. the market where banks trade liquidity. We assume that banks do not take the interbank interest rate as given, but instead negotiate on interest rates and transaction volumes with each other. The solution concept applied is the Shapley value. We show that there are a multiplicity of average equilibrium interest rates of the first period so that the average interest rate in this period does not convey any information on the expected liquidity situation on the interbank market. As the banks control not only the transaction volumes, but also the interest rates, they can leave the interest rates constant and adjust the transaction volumes when, for example, a liquidity deficit becomes more likely.