与新冠肺炎疫情相关的旅游者行为研究——回顾与反思

旅游者行为研究一直是国内外旅游学界关注的重点和热点。在全球旅游业遭遇新冠肺炎疫情带来的巨大冲击和挑战时,英文期刊上与新冠疫情相关的旅游者行为研究也与日俱增。虽然英文学界对与新冠疫情相关的旅游研究有过零星的、整体上的批判性思考,但鲜见对旅游者行为这一具体研究领域最新进展和实质贡献的讨论。基于对8种旅游类英文SSCI期刊截至2021年8月31日所载83篇论文的分析,本文回顾了与新冠疫情相关的旅游者行为研究进展,并评价了这些研究的实质贡献。从研究主题看,现有文献集中在“风险感知与出游意向”“旅游购买决策”“实际旅游中的行为与体验”和“对技术的态度”等四个方面。从研究取向看,定量研究占主导;与之相对应的是,问卷调查是主要的数据收集渠道。虽然大部分研究明确提及使用了某种或某几种理论,但主要是应用现有理论来提出所假设的变量之间的关系,或解释新冠疫情背景下新的旅游消费现象,并未对现有理论框架、概念做出重大改变。未来的研究还应该考虑运用定性方法、大数据分析技术和实验法,挖掘、识别、验证新冠疫情作为公共健康危机的独特属性以及与之关联的独特的旅游者行为和旅游消费现象,以期更好地实现概念化、理论化,并在中国特色的疫情防控实践中,更好地实现与新冠疫情有关的旅游者行为研究的本土化。     

当“灰犀牛”遇到“黑天鹅”——网民对邮轮旅游负面事件的风险感知变化

邮轮旅游因其内在脆弱属性,一直受到各类负面事件的影响。2020年初“钻石公主号”邮轮的新冠疫情跨境蔓延引起全球网络关注,极大地影响了公众对邮轮旅游的风险感知及消费决策。本文以知乎网站评论为数据来源,将疫情发生和全球邮轮停运为时间节点,把邮轮负面事件划分为3个阶段,运用词频分析、语义网络分析、情感分析结合空间分析等方法,探究中国网民的风险感知变化。研究发现: “灰犀牛阶段”,邮轮正常运营,网民风险感知聚焦于自然灾害和救援开展;新冠疫情初发时的“灰犀牛遇到黑天鹅阶段”,邮轮逐渐停航,网民风险感知聚焦于邮轮公共卫生安全;疫情全面爆发后的“黑天鹅阶段”,邮轮全面停航,网民风险感知包括自然灾害、火灾、疫情等多个方面,感知内容趋向分散。同时,网民的风险感知空间分布存在差异,沿海地区网民对邮轮负面事件多以正面和微弱负面情绪为主;但内陆地区网民因对邮轮旅游了解程度相对较低,其感知负面居多。当前,新冠疫情仍在全球蔓延,研究内容可为邮轮旅游的疫后市场恢复和可持续发展提供参考。     

高质量发展下中国旅游业“双碳”目标：评估预测、主要挑战与实现路径

积极响应全球气候变化和坚决贯彻党中央提出的碳达峰、碳中和（简称“双碳”）目标是中国旅游业高质量发展的重要使命。本文在评估1990—2020年中国旅游业碳排放状况基础上,预测2021—2060年中国旅游业碳排放,分析中国旅游业实现“双碳”目标的主要挑战、任务与实现路径。研究结果表明：（1）中国旅游业碳排放可分为4个阶段;碳排放结构特征显著,旅游交通及休闲度假是碳排放主体;旅游消费需求增长趋势下唯有以低碳情景推进,方能在2030—2035年间实现旅游业碳达峰,为实现碳中和目标减缓阻力。（2）中国旅游业实现“双碳”目标面临旅游碳排增速快、全球气候变化威胁、碳排放边界模糊、品质化旅游需求旺盛、减碳技术不足5大挑战;必须从宏观-产业、中观-目的地与企业、微观-游客3个维度确定实现“双碳”目标的主要任务;坚守统筹协调、因地制宜、尊重规律、推广科技、差异化实现5大发展原则。（3）高质量发展下中国旅游业“双碳”目标的实现路径应从供给侧、消费端、政策支撑3方面突破,在供给侧加快能源结构调整、加大减碳技术投入、增强碳汇能力,在消费端促进旅游消费主体、消费场所、服务组织的减碳全面响应,在政策支撑加快完善低碳政策、鼓励低碳政策创新。本文立足中国旅游业实现“双碳”目标的研究前沿,初步建立了旅游“双碳”理论,丰富了低碳旅游理论,可为高质量发展下中国旅游业“双碳”目标实现提供决策参考。     

从民宿到“名宿”——网红民宿红在哪?

“网红民宿”是近年来旅游住宿业在社会生活网络化趋势中诞生的新现象,“名宿”的网红气质有哪些构成要素,其如何影响游客的购买意愿是本文的研究内容。首先基于网络社区“小红书”上关键意见领袖有关网红民宿的笔记,采用扎根理论的研究方法探索民宿构成网红气质的要素,其次是开展了问卷调查,以收集的556份问卷调查数据来验证这些要素对网络口碑和游客购买意愿的影响。研究发现：（1）民宿配置、风格设计、周边环境、直观印象、心理感受和出游形式是民宿构成网红气质的要素;（2）民宿网红气质要素积极影响游客对民宿的购买意愿;（3）“网络口碑”在民宿网红气质要素积极影响游客购买意愿中起完全中介或部分中介作用。研究结果丰富了民宿领域的网络口碑研究相关理论和实践。     

旅游驱动乡村社会重构的特征与机制研究——以湖州顾渚村为例

乡村旅游是推动乡村重构的重要驱动力量,乡村社会重构是乡村重构研究的重要内容。本文以典型旅游村落湖州市顾渚村为案例地,从乡村居民视角出发,分析乡村社会重构的特征,并通过扎根理论方法构建了旅游驱动下乡村社会重构机制理论模型。结果表明：（1）乡村旅游发展改变了乡村居民的原有身份,乡村居民从农民、打工者转变为旅游经营者,实现了社会身份的重构。（2）乡村旅游发展带来了大量外来人员进入乡村,乡村社会关系格局逐渐从“差序格局”转变为“多元格局”,实现了社会关系的重构。（3）乡村旅游发展使乡村居民与乡村环境之间的关系发生改变,乡村从传统乡土社区转变为旅游服务社区,实现了社会空间的重构。（4）旅游要素的介入是旅游乡村社会重构最重要的驱动力量,乡村经济重构、乡村空间重构、资源环境驱动、旅游市场驱动、政策制度驱动、行为主体参与6个方面分别构成了乡村社会重构的空间载体、物质基础、支撑机制、引导机制、促进/约束机制和引擎机制,各作用机制之间相互影响、动态耦合共同推动了乡村社会的重构。     

地理学视角下社区参与旅游扶贫的空间效应与机理

在系统梳理社区参与和旅游扶贫相关研究成果的基础上,本文基于地理学视角,从“空间生产”“空间关联”和“空间正义的重构与消解”3个维度,构建社区参与旅游扶贫空间效应的分析框架,以审视旅游发展过程中社区与背景区域间的空间互动关系。研究认为：旅游活动在贫困社区中的介入过程,是社区经济、社会、文化等空间的演化过程;社区在参与旅游扶贫过程中具有空间生产和空间关联的属性;社区参与旅游扶贫空间效应的机理表征为“尺度机理”和“互动机理”;社区与背景区域因空间生产而产生互动,彰显旅游扶贫的空间关联效应,并通过空间生产和空间关联重塑社区及其背景区域间的空间正义格局。相关探讨可以拓展乡村旅游扶贫开发影响研究,深化对社区参与旅游过程及其作用机理的认识,对于新时期巩固脱贫攻坚成果和乡村振兴战略背景下社区旅游发展具有现实意义。     

基于主客视角的苏南传统村落旅游地乡愁的时间特征

“记得住乡愁”是乡村旅游和乡村振兴的重要内容。本文基于居民和游客视角,以苏南传统村落为案例地,探讨乡愁的时间特征。结果表明：（1）乡愁主体方面：相对暂居村落的外来人口,三代以上的世代居民对家乡乡愁情感更加强烈;出生在1950—1959和1960—1978年间的这两代游客较多成长在乡村,乡愁文化感知相对更高;离开家乡在外工作生活时间越长的游客在传统村落旅游时,其乡愁情感和乡愁记忆比起未离开家乡或离开家乡较短的人更加强烈。（2）乡愁触点方面：触发居民和游客乡愁的季节集中在秋天和冬天,天气集中在下雨和落雪时,时辰集中在深夜和傍晚时,节庆集中在春节、中秋节、清明节和家乡特有节日,假日主要集中在周末、寒假和“十一”国庆假期。（3）乡愁记忆方面：主客乡愁记忆都主要集中在童年,其次是青少年,最后是成年和老年;游客产生乡愁的频率比居民频率相对高。（4）乡愁载体回忆顺序：主客乡愁载体都会提到“家”和“乡”相关场所和空间,其回忆的顺序是家人、家、家乡和国家。文章最后总结了乡愁旅游开发的启示。     

中国滑雪旅游网络关注度评估及后疫情时期复苏对策——以四大滑雪区域为例

2022年冬奥会的成功申办,以及推进三亿人参与冰雪运动系列政策的相继出台,中国冰雪旅游迎来快速发展的时代契机,冰雪运动在全国广泛普及,冰雪旅游大众关注度迅速提升。本文以中国四大滑雪场集聚区为研究对象,基于新浪微博2015—2021年滑雪旅游网络数据,构建滑雪旅游网络关注度评估系统,定量评估疫情前后中国滑雪旅游网络关注度的时空演变特征。研究发现：（1）全国滑雪旅游网络关注度自2017年迅速提升、季节性特征明显、崇礼-北京领先全国,关注度空间结构由“局部多中心”转变为“组团式”集群化发展,高关注度滑雪场在崇礼-北京与吉林聚集;（2）疫情前后中国滑雪旅游网络关注度表现出滑雪旺季时长缩短、关注度迅速下降、新疆和吉林复苏显著、滑雪大区率先关注等特点;（3）后疫情时期叠加冬奥效应将成为影响滑雪旅游关注度复苏的热点事件,崇礼-北京、东北、西北将成为滑雪旅游率先复苏的热点区域,短期接待服务将成为助力产业复苏的投资热点,提供针对性的配套服务将成为滑雪场服务水平优化提升的热点方向;（4）提出开创全国冰雪旅游大发展新局面,构建以崇礼-北京为中心、以东北和西北为两翼的中国滑雪旅游“雁阵”发展格局,优先推出新疆、河北、黑龙江的定向政策,增强滑雪旅游短期接待能力,提供针对性配套服务等复苏对策。研究结论将为后疫情时期,促进滑雪旅游快速复苏提供科技支撑及决策依据,并为中国冰雪产业的绿色可持续发展,提供借鉴参考。     

“互联网+”生态旅游产品价值实现机制研究——以南山国家公园线路为例

在大力探索生态产品价值实现背景下,生态旅游作为公共产品,为推动生态产品价值实现和中国特色生态文明建设新模式的形成提供有力支撑。本研究选取南山国家公园线路为案例,以S-O-R理论为基础,构建生态旅游产品购买意愿模型,探究生态旅游产品在微信朋友圈购买意愿的内在机制。研究发现：（1）生态旅游产品在微信朋友圈的购买意愿存在“营销媒体特征—感知功利价值—购买意愿”和“社交媒体特征—感知享乐价值—购买意愿”两种形成机制;（2）生态旅游产品在微信朋友圈的购买意愿同时受到功利性因素和享乐性因素的影响,但功利性因素的影响占主导作用;（3）生态旅游产品的价格和产品图片的美观性对感知功利价值的影响较强;（4）微信朋友圈的社交存在感和微信好友的能力对感知享乐价值的影响较强;（5）不同人口学特征下,被调查者的购买意愿有显著差异。建议开展组合式营销、改善营销信息的内容和质量、保持高度的用户粘性、重视“专业形象”打造、针对主要客源市场“有的放矢”营销等实践,以促进南山国家公园生态旅游产品的价值实现。     

基于Q方法的滨海民宿集聚区选址评价指标体系构建

构建滨海民宿集聚区选址评价指标体系是科学引导滨海旅游业转型发展和保护海岸生态环境的基础工作。从已有文献和专家访谈中提取55个滨海民宿集聚区选址评价候选指标,采用Q方法,构建了包括经济环境、旅游发展、平台条件、运营条件、地理环境以及支持设施等6个一级指标和22个二级指标的民宿集聚区选址评价指标体系。与已有研究比较,滨海与内陆民宿集聚区选址评价指标体系中的一级指标基本一致;由于滨海地区生态环境脆弱、用地矛盾更为突出,滨海地区“运营条件”“地理环境”等指标的权重明显高于内陆地区。评价体系一级指标中“经济环境”权重最大、“支持设施”权重最小,二级指标中“合理的旅游及相关规划”最为重要、“专业人才吸引力”权重最小,反映了滨海旅游发展的相对滞后性。本研究可为滨海地区旅游业发展布局、民宿集聚区选址开发和民宿从业者投资建设等决策提供参考。     

Afraid to travel after COVID-19? Self-protection,coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’

COVID-19 has generated an unprecedented level of public fear, likely impeding tourism industry recovery after the pandemic is over. This study explores what trigger the public's pandemic ‘travel fear’ and how people impose self-protection, coping and resilience related to travel. The study integrates theories including protection motivation theory, coping and resilience theories to address the research aim. Using a quota sampling, an online survey of 1208 respondents across mainland China was conducted. Results found that threat severity and susceptibility can cause ‘travel fear’, which leads to protection motivation and protective travel behaviors after the pandemic outbreak. Findings also revealed that ‘travel fear’ can evoke different coping strategies, which increases people's psychological resilience and adoption of cautious travel behaviors. Several strategies are provided on how to mitigate people's ‘travel fear’ and encourage travel in a post-COVID-19 world.     

Responses to COVID-19: The role of performance in the relationship between small hospitality enterprises’ resilience and sustainable tourism development

Tourism is one of the hardest-hit industries by the global pandemic of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). Small tourism enterprises have been heavily affected and have had difficulty in business recovery. This research is an early attempt to explore the direct impact of small hospitality enterprises’ resilience on sustainable tourism development as well as indirect impact through performance. A pre-tested questionnaire survey was self-administered to owner-managers of small hospitality enterprises in Greater Cairo, Egypt. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS showed a positive, direct, and significant impact of resilience (planned and adaptive) on sustainable tourism development and indirect influence through performance. The results of the multi-group analysis showed that enterprise type has a significant effect on the results, where restaurant owner-managers expressed more resilience than their hotel counterparts. Several theoretical (for scholars) and practical implications for tourism policy-makers and owner-managers have been discussed and elaborated.     

Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework

The COVID-19 pandemic struck the tourism industry severely. Based on the review of 35 papers that studied the tourism industry in the wake of the pandemic, we propose a resilience-based framework for reviving the global tourism industry post-COVID-19. Our framework outlines four prominent factors for building resilience in the industry: government response, technology innovation, local belongingness, and consumer and employee confidence. We argue that using such inclusive resilience; the tourism industry may transform into a new global economic order characterized by sustainable tourism, society's well-being, climate action, and the involvement of local communities. We also offer directions for future research in the area.     

The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic tourism: A DEMATEL method analysis on quarantine decisions

Countries' most effective methods to reduce the impact of outbreaks are quarantine the regions during the pandemic periods. Quarantine decisions during a pandemic directly affect the hospitality industry. There is no universal guideline regarding the quarantine decision during a pandemic. There is a gap in the literature on making the right quarantine decisions to decrease the negative effect of a pandemic on the hospitality industry. To fill this gap, this study uses a decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method to help countries for quarantine decisions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the critical hospitality industry indicators is the inter-regional travel flow between regions for local tourism. Data from the household domestic tourism survey obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) is used to acquire the number of people entering and exiting among regions. This study's findings indicate that Istanbul has an essential impact on Turkey's rest. The results also demonstrate that the DEMATEL method provides convenient solutions for quarantine decisions during a pandemic. The DEMATEL application results concerning the COVID-19 pandemic effect might shed light on the hospitality industry’s prospects and challenges. This study's findings might be adopted to prepare the hospitality industry for the COVID-19 pandemic and similar pandemic.     

COVID-19 impacts of inbound tourism on Australian economy

The pandemic COVID-19 has severely impacted upon the world economy, devastating the tourism industry globally. This paper estimates the short-run economic impacts of the inbound tourism industry on the Australian economy during the pandemic. The analysis covers effects both at the macroeconomic as well as at the industry and occupation level, from direct contribution (using tourism satellite accounts) to economy-wide effects (using the computable general equilibrium modelling technique). Findings show that the pandemic affects a range of industries and occupations that are beyond the tourism sector. The paper calls for strong support from the government on tourism as the recovery of tourism can deliver spillover benefits for other sectors and across the whole spectrum of occupations in the labour market.     

中国出境旅游产业发展特征研究

中国出境旅游产业有其自身特殊规律。中国出境游组团社的规模持续扩大,区域分布呈现不均衡状态,境外服务空间不断扩展;出境游组团社占旅行社总量比重很小,但贡献度极高。出境旅游市场已基本形成区域性寡头垄断格局,组团社批零一体化体系开始呈现内部化趋势,组团社在产业链条上的控制力逐步增强,并开始以管理和信息技术来推动出境旅游商业模式创新。组团社产品开发模式多元化,产品创新呈现常态化,且注重对出境旅游产品品牌的塑造。     

Impacts of COVID-19 on Chinese nationals' tourism preferences

This paper examines the impacts of COVID-19 on Chinese nationals' tourism preferences. Employing a mixed-method research design, two rounds of nation-wide online surveys were conducted, one in February 2020 when COVID-19 cases started to peak in China and another one in June 2020 when COVID-19 was a global pandemic; both survey studies were accompanied with semi-structured in-depth interviews and altogether 37 interviews were conducted in two stages. Based on both quantitative survey data and qualitative interview data, the research identified that: 1) COVID-19 significantly reduced Chinese nationals' preferences to travel to countries with high infection numbers, and geographically faraway, administratively and culturally distant outbound destinations; 2) Chinese nationals reduced their preferences in all travel modes and most of the tourism forms, but most of them would prefer nature-based, rural, and cultural destinations after COVID-19; and 3) shortened trips in short travel distance are preferred after COVID-19. The findings offer rich insights and practical implications for governments, industry organisations, and tourism operators to formulate tourism recovery strategies toward Chinese tourists.     

Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross-regional comparison

The tourism industry was one of the world's greatest markets; until the world met a pandemic in the 21st century, COVID-19. This study aims to present the reactions of travelers during the pandemic trends outlined by adopting text mining techniques. Between December 30, 2019–March 15, 2020, approximately 75,000 comments are retrieved from the TripAdvisor forums, and 23,515 cases from the US, Europe, and Asia forums are employed for analyses.The results reveal that the tourism sector is easily affected by global crises. It is almost the same day that travelers decide to cancel or delay their trips, with the spread of the news. More in-depth analyses uncovered several topics consisted of comments on benefiting from travel insurance and refund due to the travel cancellations. Travel insurance has become a hot topic, which may be a way of reanimating the industry by offering travel packages, including travel insurance services.     

中国旅游业产业关联的定量分析

本文利用<2002年中国投入产出表>定量测度旅游业对国民经济发展的地位与作用,并提出相应的政策建议.研究结论如下:(1)旅游业对国民经济的推动作用远大于受到国民经济发展后的拉动作用;(2)我国旅游业对交通运输、住宿业和餐饮业的直接拉动能力最大,但非基本旅游消费占旅游消费的比率比较低,我国旅游消费还有很大增长空间;(3)旅游业是劳动密集型产业,"乡村旅游"能就地转移大量农村富余劳动力,这对构建和谐社会、促进社会主义新农村建设将发挥重要作用;(4)我国旅游业发展八分靠国内旅游,二分靠国际旅游,旅游业发展的重点应该放在国内旅游上.