美国谨慎投资者规则与现代投资组合理论——以受托人的谨慎义务为视角

谨慎投资者规则是英美法系指导受托人投资的基本原则，其衍生于受托人的谨慎义务，先后经历了谨慎人规则，哈佛学院规则和新谨慎投资者规则。现代投资组合理论是美国新谨慎投资者规则的经济学渊源，后者融入了现代投资组合理论的精髓，值得我国在信托投资立法时借鉴。     

信托受托人的投资权

投资既是受托人的权力，又是权利。受托人行使投资权的规范历经英国“法定名录规则”和美国“谨慎投资者规则”的洗礼，而谨慎投资者规则已演变成为规范受托人投资权的圭臬。受托人的管理处分权是种概念，受托人的投资权属于属概念。受托人行使投资权的目的正是为了实现受益人的信托受益权，投资权对应着受益权。     

论信托法谨慎投资人规则的制度基础——兼及对我国的启示

谨慎投资人规则是美国信托制度在总结判例法的基础上长期历史发展的总结,该制度吸纳了现代组合投资理论和有效市场理论,去除了对信托投资类型化的限制,将投资组合看作一个整体,特别强调受托人有分散投资的义务。谨慎投资人规则能否有效适用取决于有效市场是否建立和完善、是否具备完善的信赖关系法律制度以及信托基础制度等因素。     

谨慎投资者规则在美国的嬗变

信托是现代财产管理中最重要的经济工具。受托人在管理信托基金时不仅要让基金保值,而且还要投资资产以使其增值。谨慎投资者规则是美国信托法中受托人进行投资的法定注意标准,其在美国信托投资法的发展过程中演化出各种版本,异同互现,但日趋成熟。     

谨慎投资者规则在美国的嬗变

信托是现代财产管理中最重要的经济工具.受托人在管理信托基金时不仅要让基金保值,而且还要投资资产以使其增值.谨慎投资者规则是美国信托法中受托人进行投资的法定注意标准,其在美国信托投资法的发展过程中演化出各种版本,异同互现,但日趋成熟.     

浅析投资组合理论

现代投资组合是现代金融理论和投资理论的基础,它以理性投资者、市场有效和风险中性为假设前提。我国的证券市场还处在发展初期,市场有效程度还比较低,建立在成熟有效市场上的投资组合理论在我国应用存在着局限性。在借鉴和应用现代投资组合理论的过程中,必须考虑现代证券组合投资理论在我国的实用性,并结合中国的实情,将投资组合理论与政治、政策、投资者心理各因素结合起来灵活运用,将理论与具体的实地调研、投资经验结合起来运用。     

现代投资组合理论的两点思考

1959年出版的马科维兹《资产组合选择》(Portfolio Selection),标志着现代投资组合理论的诞生.所谓现代投资组合理论,是通过数量化方法说明战略性地分散投资可以稳定增加整个资产组合的收益.投资者利用选择最优投资组合的数理方法进行资产选择和投资决策,其投资组合的收益必然会高于所有单个资产中的最低收益率,也就是说,通过组合收益的加权平均使得部分盈利弥补亏损,从而最终提高整体的投资收益.诚然,现代投资组合理论指导投资者通过分散投资的方法降低风险并获得收益,其理论的合理性是显而易见的,但并非具有普适性.投资组合理论进行决策分析的这么一套科学、准确的理论说明和计量方法是建立在一系列严格的假设条件上的,在实践中就面临着各方面的质疑和挑战.     

基金“混搭”法则

对于普通投资者而言,一个分散化的简单组合便可以有效地平衡投资风险和收益。有的投资者为了构建基金组合,往往持有10只以上的基金,但由于其中大多数基金的风格雷同,并未能实现组合的有效性。基金组合的理论基础是现代投资组合理论,它告诉投资者如何才能在风险和收益之间取得平衡。对普     

现代投资组合理论综述

现代投资组合理论研究的是有关对多种资产进行选择和组合的问题,即投资者在权衡收益与风险的基础上如何使自身效用最大化以及由此对整个资本市场产生怎样的影响.……     

个人投资行为组合理论初探

现代行为金融理论认为,金融资产投资者会基于各种心理原因而导致非理性行为。本文分别对传统金融学、现代行为金融学的理论体系进行介绍。在研究现代投资行为组合理论中个人投资者的两大模式(BPT-SA和BPT-MA)的一般规律后,针对当前我国证券市场中处于弱势的个人投资者提出了有益的建议。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Short-sale refinancing and price adjustment speed to bad news: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Short selling may accelerate stock price adjustment to negative news. However, the literature provides mixed evidence for this prediction. Using short-sale refinancing and a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model, this paper explores the effect of short selling on stock price adjustment. Our results show that (1) short-sale refinancing improves the speed of stock price adjustment to negative news. This result holds after we control for endogeneity. (2) The positive relationship between short-sale refinancing and stock price adjustment speed is significant in subsamples of stocks with higher earnings management or lower accuracy of analyst forecasts, indicating that firms with more opaque information are more likely to be targeted by short sellers. In subsamples of stocks with a higher ownership concentration or lower ownership by institutional investors, short selling is more likely to increase the speed of stock price adjustment, indicating that ownership structure may influence negative news mining. (3) As short-sale refinancing exacerbates the absorption of bad news by stock prices, it increases crash risk. This study enriches the research on the economic consequences of short selling and provides empirical evidence supporting regulations on short selling in China.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

【正】The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing ...     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:     

The China puzzle: Opportunities for accounting research

How can China achieve phenomenal economic growth despite what is considered as 'weak' institutions in market-based economies? Xu(2011) provides a framework to u...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Income smoothing and the cost of debt

The literature on income smoothing focuses on the effect of earnings smoothing on the equity market.This paper investigates the effect of income smoothing on th...