熊彼特增长理论：一个文献综述

20世纪90年代以来,熊彼特增长理论（Schumpeterian Growth Theory）的兴起极大地丰富和发展了经济增长理论,其不仅为内生的技术进步和经济增长提供了一种新的解释,而且为我们研究其他问题提供了一个更为一般性的分析框架。熊彼特增长理论的核心特征是内生的研发和创新是推动技术进步和经济增长的决定性因素。本文从代表性的熊彼特增长模型、熊彼特增长理论的应用、基于熊彼特增长理论的实证研究、熊彼特增长理论面临的挑战与未来发展等几个方面较为详细地回顾了近二十年来这一领域发展中较为重要的文献。本文旨在通过梳理这一领域文献的发展脉络和内在演化逻辑,为国内学者研究熊彼特增长理论提供一些线索。     

统一增长理论研究述评

2000年以来,统一增长理论的兴起极大地丰富和发展了经济增长理论,其克服了马尔萨斯理论、新古典增长理论以及内生增长理论的不足,尝试为整个人类社会发展以及经济的内生转型提供合理的解释。本文首先介绍了统一增长理论关于人类发展不同阶段的特征分析,而后阐述了统一增长理论关于经济内生转型的观点。在此基础上,介绍了统一增长理论关于农业起源、工业革命、人口转型、人力资本出现等问题的文献研究。本文旨在通过介绍这一领域文献研究的新进展,为国内学者研究统一增长理论提供一些研究线索。     

熊彼特主义增长理论的新进展

阿洪（Aghion）和豪依特（Howitt）（以下简称为A＆H）于1992年在《计量经济学》杂志上发表了一篇开创性的论文——《一个创造性破坏的增长模型》。在这篇论文里，A＆H全面地把熊彼特方法引人内生增长理论。继这篇重要论文之后，A＆H在1998年又出版了增长理论中的一本里程碑式的教材——《内生增长理论》。在《内生增长理论》一书中，A＆H进一步拓展了熊彼特方法在内生增长理论中的应用。正是由于A＆H所开创的内生增长理论继承和发展了熊彼特早年关于创新方面的思想，因而增长文献中一般把以“提升产品质量的产业创新”作为经济长期增长基本动力的一类增长模型称之为“熊彼特主义内生增长理论”（以下简称为“熊彼特增长理论”）。本文将在上述文献的基础上，对熊彼特增长理论的最新进展做一初步的梳理。     

新熊彼特增长理论评介

作为内生增长理论的一个重要分支，新熊彼特（Neo—Schumpeterian）增长模型始于20世纪90年代初。Segerstrom，Anant ＆ Dinopoulos（1990）的研究是把熊彼特方法引入内生增长理论的最早尝试，其后，Aghion和Howitt（1992）等经典文献奠定了新熊彼特增长模型的基本框架，Aghion和Howitt于1998年出版的《内生增长理论》一书中，花了大量的篇幅讲述熊彼特方法，并对技术进步的创造性破坏作用进行详尽的分析。目前，该方法是内生增长理论中最有发展前途的一个分支。     

技术进步研究评析

作为人类改造自然的一切知识的总和,技术进步象一条涓涓溪流始终贯穿于整个经济增长与发展史,技术的进步是推动经济增长与发展的基础,经济学家们就技术进步对一国经济发展的影响进行研究是在对经济增长影响因素的理论探索中逐步展开的,许多经济学流派都曾关注过技术进步并试图将技术进步溶入其理论框架,从不同角度不同程度地用技术进步来解释经济增长的源泉和增长过程。本文从亚当.斯密体现在积累及劳动分工上的技术进步因素开始,循经济增长理论的发展时序,分别进一步评析了熊彼特的技术创新理论、以索洛经济增长模型为代表的新古典增长模型以及色彩斑斓的内生经济增长理论,各大理论流派均认同技术进步一定会推动经济增长和发展,但人类显然还没有找到一把普适的经济发展的"魔杖",关于技术进步与经济增长的理论研究在不断延续展开着。     

金融发展理论:一个文献综述

在麦金农和萧之后 ,2 0世纪 80年代末 ,现代金融发展理论在利用现代金融理论和内生经济增长理论重构自己的理论基础之后 ,已经成为一个包括发展中国家和发达国家金融发展问题的一般理论。本文依照金融发展理论的发展脉络系统评述了这一领域的主要文献 ,介绍了最新研究进展。     

创造性破坏、经济增长与经济结构:新古典熊彼特主义增长理论的发展

新古典熊彼特主义增长理论引入垂直产品创新,把熊彼特的“创造性破坏”思想纳入到了内生增长理论中,并运用此理论讨论了“创造性破坏”经济动态下的技术进步、经济增长与失业、市场结构与经济增长、经济周期与经济增长以及制度与经济增长等一系列经济结构问题。虽然这一派理论仍未脱离新古典经济学的框架,但在方法上已有所突破,有助于人们深入认识有关经济增长的结构问题,对现代经济增长理论的发展产生了重要的推动作用。     

创新型增长视角下的金融发展：综述及展望

传统经济增长理论分析框架下,金融系统只影响资本形成,并不创造社会财富,它对经济增长的作用只有水平效应而没有增长效应。新增长理论,尤其是熊彼特增长理论．突破了新古典增长理论关于技术进步的外生性假设,强调资本积累和创新是促进技术进步和经济增长的重要力量,这为研究金融体系对技术进步和经济增长的促进作用提供了全新视角。当前,中国金融发展现状与创新型增长要求之间存在一定程度的不相容性,需要在制度、政策和监管体系上不断完善与变革,逐步实现科技创新和金融发展的良性互动。     

金融发展与经济增长关系理论综述

对金融发展与经济增长之间关系问题的研究一直是理论经济学家们所关注的焦点之一,本文首先依据金融发展和经济增长关系理论的发展脉络评述了这一领域的主要文献,接着又对这一问题的几种主要观点和金融发展促进经济增长的作用机制进行了综述,并介绍了近期的最新研究成果。     

创新、创造性破坏与内生经济变迁——熊彼特主义经济理论的发展

熊彼特曾试图建立一个以创新为动力的内生经济变迁理论。在沉寂多年以后,熊彼特的这一经济理论在20世纪90年代以后复活。演化新熊彼特主义借用生物学隐喻构建了企业的行为模式,使创新得以内生化,并类比生物学中的自然选择过程描述了经济动态过程。新古典熊彼特主义增长理论则将熊彼特"创造性破坏"思想模型化,通过引入研发生产函数和对创新组织的探讨将技术创新内生化,深入地研究了与经济增长相关的市场结构问题。三支理论在方法论和学术传统上的差别导致了它们对创新机制以及经济变迁的不同理解。文章系统地梳理了熊彼特主义经济理论的主要发展并对之进行了比较、评价和展望。     

Using Patents In Growth Models

This paper argues that macroeconomic models of endogenous growth driven by technological change could be much improved by drawing lessons from the microeconomic literature of intellectual property design. Growth models use overly simplistic and sometimes incorrect assumptions regarding the intellectual property regime. Microeconomic theory and empirical work are reviewed to demonstrate that determining optimal intellectual property design is complex and has important implications for firm behavior and performance. Considering the question of intellectual property design in a dynamic general equilibrium model should yield important insights about how intellectual property impacts growth and welfare.     

Paul Romer: Ideas,Nonrivalry, and Endogenous Growth

In 2018, Paul Romer and William Nordhaus shared the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Romer was recognized “for integrating technological innovations into long‐run macroeconomic analysis”. This article reviews his prize‐winning contributions. Romer, together with others, rejuvenated the field of economic growth. He developed the theory of endogenous technological change, in which the search for new ideas by profit‐maximizing entrepreneurs and researchers is at the heart of economic growth. Underlying this theory, he pinpointed that the nonrivalry of ideas is ultimately responsible for the rise in living standards over time.     

Population growth and economic growth: a reconsideration

The relationship between population growth and development has long been a controversial topic in the economic development literature. Early work by Hoover and Coale and more recent work by Blanchet suggest that high fertility suppresses per capita income growth. However, recent work by Kelley and Srinivasan are ambivalent about such a neo-Malthusian relationship between population growth and economic growth. The authors examine these conflicting positions. They emphasize that the rates of both population growth and income growth are endogenous variables within a general equilibrium framework. An endogenous growth model with endogenous fertility is then developed. It is found that when all exogenous variables are controlled for, there exists an inverse relation between population growth and economic growth. However, when some exogenous factors change, such as an improvement in technological progress, the relation becomes ambiguous. This suggests that the conflicting findings in the literature may be because of the presence of substantial heterogeneity in unobserved variables across countries and over time in cross-country panel data sets.     

Growth and Output Fluctuations

This paper sheds new light on the interaction between growth and output fluctuations. Our approach is different from the literature in that we analyse how endogenous fluctuations are affected by a faster productivity growth in the long run. Main results: (i) expansion (or contraction) occurs more (or less) frequently, (ii) expansion becomes milder but contraction severer, (iii) the amplitude of fluctuations becomes larger, (iv) the variance of output changes ambiguously, indicating a non-monotonic relationship. We also investigate how an R&D subsidy alters the nature of output fluctuations and re-examine its effect on technological change in the presence of recurrent cycles. The result questions the widely-accepted theoretical implication that a research subsidy unambiguously promotes technological progress.     

Differences in growth with international capital markets and financial innovation

This paper presents a model in which technological progress affects the productivity of the financial sector. When technological progress moves quicky, the financial intermediation costs are low, which increases the incentives to invest in new technology. This feedback process involves two types of long-run equilibria: one with low financial intermediation costs and high growth, and the other with high financial intermediation costs and low growth. These divergences in growth rates among countries hold even in the presence of international capital markets with free capital mobility, a very unusual result in the endogenous growth literature.     

The Dynamics Of Localized Technological Changes. The Interaction Between Factor Costs Inducement,Demand Pull And Schumpeterian Rivalry 1

Localized technological change is the endogenous outcome of the interplay between substitution costs. Switching costs and learning processes. New technologies are introduced when market pressures induce firms to change the levels of their inputs and their techniques. The dynamics ol localized technological change is the result us the interaction between three processes: it) the Schumpcterian competition process as analyzed by the replicator dynamics and failure inducement mechanisms. b) factor substitution stemming from changes in factors markets. and c) post-Keynesian demand pull pressures resulting from productivity growth. In such conditions out-of-equilibrium exchanges and localized technological changes drive a recursive process that is path-dependent in two senses, first it is highly sensitive to the initial conditions of the system. and second it is shaped by the interactions of agents.     

Conditional factors Pushing catch-up across developed and emerging countries in the nanotechnology sector, 2000–2010

ABSTRACT

The aim of this article is to test national and sectorial technological and innovation capability factors, as well as social capability indicators, which could explain a possible conditional convergence across countries in nanotechnology within the context of a model of innovative technological knowledge β convergence. Based on growth convergence models, our proposal also takes into account the Schumpeterian theory, the National System Innovation –NSI– approach, and particularly the sectorial system of innovation and the technological catch-up hypothesis, as well as theoretical and empirical literature on conditional convergence. The findings allow us to confirm that new nanotechnology knowledge convergence is conditioned by a higher growth rate of technological capabilities in nanotechnology: growth from the initial level of patents granted, cumulative knowledge, and links to technological and scientific activities. Finally, as regards social capabilities, only the institutional weakness variable (corruption index) associates negatively with β convergence. As an emergent paradigm, we realize that convergence and catch-up are starting processes, which could allow less technologically developed countries to benefit from higher growth of some of the factors identified.     

技术本地溢出条件下的集聚与增长——基于NEGG模型的分析

20世纪90年代,保罗.克鲁格曼等人开创了新经济地理理论（简称为NEG理论）,经济活动的区位问题得到了前所未有的重视。马丁和奥塔维诺首次把新增长理论方法引入新经济地理的理论框架,通过资本的内生形成与地区分布研究不同地区的经济增长问题,形成新经济地理与增长理论（简称NEGG理论）。本文基于NEGG理论的基本框架,分析技术本地溢出和资本自由流动条件下的产业集聚与经济增长关系。由于假设资本在地区之间可以自由流动,该模型适合分析一国内部不同地区之间的集聚与增长之间的关系。研究发现,当假设技术为本地溢出时,地理影响增长,企业集中分布提高经济增长率。此外,技术溢出的强度也影响增长率,溢出强度越大,增长率也越高。     

Technological Change, Market Rivalry, and the Evolution of the Capitalist Engine of Growth

In the early stages of Western industrialization, innovation was the domain of individuals who devoted their entrepreneurial talents to the development of a new product or process, typically setting up a new firm in order to take the innovation to the market. Today, commercial R&;D is almost exclusively carried out by corporate laboratories affiliated with manufacturing firms. The corporate R&;D lab, however, did not exist in its modern form until the late nineteenth century. The history of Western industrialization, thus, suggests that a fundamental change in the structure of incentives, and consequently in the nature and the organization of the R&;D process, occurred around the turn of the century. Three questions arise. What is the nature of this change? What economic forces caused it? What are its implications? To answer these questions, I construct a model where this change is endogenous to the evolution of the economy toward industrial maturity. The change in the locus of innovation—from R&;D undertaken by intventor-entrepreneurs, to R&;D undertaken within established firms in close proximity to the production line—results from the interaction of market structure and technological change. This interaction captures the essence of the evolution of the capitalist engine of growth and provides an economic explanation of a “stylized fact” that has received no attention in the theoretical literature. The endogenous market structure generates dynamic feedbacks that shape the growth path of the economy and determine the structural change it undergoes, including the endogenous formation of corporate R&;D labs. The evolution of market rivalry explains when and how established firms become the major locus of R&;D activity.     

集聚与增长整合研究评述

集聚与增长整合研究是新经济地理学的理论前沿,也是对新增长理论的新拓展.通过在新经济地理框架中引入内生增长,集聚与增长整合模型使得我们能够明确地思考经济活动区位与经济增长速度之间的相互作用问题.整合模型阐释了集聚与增长之间的互动关系和机制,加深了我们对一体化现象和政策的理解,得到了比新经济地理更为丰富的结论.对该领域文献进行了系统梳理和分类,总结了其研究框架与方法,并叙述了理论演进的路径.