从建构主义真实性看文学资源的旅游开发——以界首镇“汪曾祺水乡风俗园”项目策划为例

真实性是现代旅游中的重要概念.本文对比了学术界有关真实性的4种理论,认为兼顾旅游客体和旅游体验真实性的建构主义真实性理论符合文学资源亦真亦幻的特点,适宜作为文学资源旅游开发的基础,并以高邮界首镇汪曾祺水乡风俗因项目策划为例,说明基于建构主义真实性理论的文学资源旅游开发流程.     

回望“真实性”(authenticity)(下)——一个旅游研究的热点

麦坎内尔掀起的"真实性"研究热已逾30年,其间,研究视角逐渐从"客观"转向"主观",这既反映出真实性内涵的延展与变迁,亦凸显旅游主体—游客体验的重要性。然而,就研究者日渐褊狭的视域来看,旅游客体真实性对旅游体验真实性的影响从松散到几近断裂,旅游主体甚至以"悦纳万物"的信仰姿态视一切"存在"为真,从而收获真实的体验。客观真实与主观真实,究竟是谁决定或影响了谁?对此问题的探寻导致学界对旅游客体之"虚假"的重新界定和对旅游体验之"真实"的再度好奇,并因此形成旅游真实性研究的纷争局面。有鉴于此,对国外真实性研究做一番缘起、视角、界定等方面的梳理和反思,或将对国内相关研究与应用有所裨益。     

回望“真实性”(authenticity)(上)——一个旅游研究的热点

麦坎内尔(MacCannell)掀起的"真实性"研究热已逾30年,其间,研究视角逐渐从"客观"转向"主观"。这既反映出真实性内涵的延展与变迁,亦凸显旅游主体—游客体验的重要性。然而,就研究者日渐褊狭的视域来看,旅游客体真实性对旅游体验真实性的影响从松散到几近断裂,旅游主体甚至以"悦纳万物"的信仰姿态视一切"存在"为真,从而收获真实的体验。客观真实与主观真实,究竟是谁决定或影响了谁?对此问题的探寻导致学界对旅游客体之"虚假"的重新界定和对旅游体验之"真实"的再度好奇,并因此形成旅游真实性研究的纷争局面。有鉴于此,对国内外真实性研究做一番缘起、视角、界定等方面的梳理和反思,或将对国内相关研究与应用有所裨益。     

凤凰古城景观真实性感知比较研究——基于居民和旅游者视角

文章以作为凤凰古城"原汁原味"文化表征物的旅游景现为感知单元,应用头脑风暴法抽取对凤凰古城风貌具有代表性的景观作为感知测量要素.进一步应用符号学理论、博弈理论、消费者行为反馈模型、市场导向理论、市场细分理论等架构研究理论框架,使用参数检验过程实现本研究的"两个对比".在此基础上应用聚类判别分析法区分出在市场导向下与旅游者古城景观真实性改进策略相左的居民群体,并对不同类群居民的人口和社会学属性特征进行讨论.主要完成如下工作:1.证明在古城景现真实性感知研究中引入双视角的必要性;2.指出凤凰古城景现真实性改进序列;3.划分出意识引导的重点居民群体,并廓清这类居民的细部特征.     

名实与真实:探索“真实性”议题的本土话语分析框架

随着"真实性"讨论在国内学术界的引入和持续升温,需要看到",真实性"的设问本质上表达了西方世界关于何为"真实"的主导观念及权威话语。在当代旅游研究中",真实性"概念被广泛用于分析从西方到非西方不同社会语境中的旅游现象,而其移用过程本身尚未得到充分反思。因此,在前现代的"游"向现代"旅游"转型的过程中,共时维度语境挪移的"真实性"概念仍需重返历时维度的本土观念和实践传统方能得到落实。基于对"名实观"历史、文化、哲学内涵的追溯辨析以及对徐霞客、李时珍身心之"游"的个案讨论,文章通过"名实观"的引入,揭示出本土之"游"以身正名、求实体真的实践伦理面向,首先旨在反思"真实性"普遍话语的理论限度并设定参照维度;进而尝试建立一种新的话语分析框架,在"名-实"关联的社会历史建构视野中,将"真实性"的一般化讨论导向"真实化"的过程态考察,由此检视"真实性"概念嵌入本土话语场和实践场的复杂动因。     

社区居民对九寨沟民族歌舞表演的真实性认知

旅游真实性的研究一直是文化旅游的重要研究内容之一.但旅游地居民本身对文化旅游项目真实性认知的研究却基本上是空白.本文以九寨沟为例,探讨了社区居民对民族歌舞表演的真实性认知.研究认为,社区居民对文化旅游项目真实性的认知反映了旅游对地方传统变迁的影响.在九寨沟,经济因素和文化认同是影响居民对歌舞表演真实性认知的关键因素,而他们表现出显著的年龄差异.中青年居民受旅游经济的影响,将经济因素作为真实性评判的首要依据,而文化认同居于次要地位;而老年居民则超越了利益关系,将他们对九寨沟传统文化的认同作为了判定表演真实性的标准.     

文化实践中非物质文化遗产的真实性:径山茶宴的再发明

文章通过对一名茶僧参与策划径山茶宴全过程的民族志研究,采用参与观察和深入访谈的研究方法,讨论和反思旅游文化背景下非物质文化遗产的再发明问题。文章从旅游文化和"真实性"的概念出发,讨论旅游研究领域对"光环"研究的缺失,提出关注文化实践中对光环的利用存在的问题,进一步探讨径山茶宴再发明过程中"谁需要真实性以及为什么"以及"如何使用真实性"两个核心问题,以期补充现有真实性讨论的局限性。笔者认为,遗产旅游文化是文化市场化的结果,具备其真实性,而遗产的光环促进着地方文化品牌的推广,径山茶宴在旅游发展背景下的遗产化过程呼吁我们反思非物质文化遗产认证存在的批量化、标准化以及文化多元性等问题。     

温泉旅游真实性研究

本文针对目前温泉旅游理念单薄、缺少整理和提升,以及经营中未履行告知责任的欺诈行为等现象,指出应对温泉旅游的真实性进行结构性研究.文章从时代发展角度对温泉(旅游)真实性进行了逐次深入探讨,直接并具细触及了温泉旅游的真实所在.     

可持续旅游发展的价值依据比较

本文追溯了可持续旅游发展观在不同学科中的理论渊源,分析了"可持续旅游发展"的不同价值诉求,探讨了基于功利价值、正义价值或良心价值等不同价值基础之上的"可持续旅游发展".环境与发展经济学、旅游社会学、旅游人类学的部分流派的理论范式和研究方法可以为旅游发展提供现实的、可操作的指导,体现了对功利价值的追求.旅游社会学和旅游人类学的主要流派理论密切关注旅游的社会、政治及文化影响,体现了对正义价值的追求.而环境伦理和生态伦理学则更多地考虑了整个生态系统的和谐发展,体现了对良心价值的追求.     

都市历史街区真实性的游憩者感知研究——以南京夫子庙为例

真实性研究在国内旅游研究中受到越来越多的关注.真实性既包括旅游地的原真性,也包括游憩者对旅游地真实性的感知.文章以夫子庙这个城市RBD兼历史街区为例,从游憩者①的角度研究了这种定位于满足游憩者体验历史文化和商业消费综合性需求的景区的"真实性".通过对游憩者真实性感知的夫子庙核心景点事物进行因子分析,归纳出"仿古观光活动"和"购物体闲活动"这两个构建夫子庙真实性感知的因子,并分别比较了它们对于本地市民、暂住居民和外地游憩者以及文化体验型、娱乐休闲型和综合型动机游憩者感知夫子庙真实性的重要程度,结果存在明显差异.研究调查表明:夫子庙景区的游憩者主要动机包括文化体验和娱乐休闲,他们对于夫子庙的客观真实性整体把握较准确,但这些游憩者即使知道夫子庙没有真实保留多少古建筑,也仍然认为夫子庙是一个成功体现了明清风格的古建筑游览区.     

彝族“都则”(火把节)的仪式性与旅游开发

少数民族地区旅游开发中大都会把当地的节庆作为重要的旅游资源来打造,以此作为展示当地少数民族传统文化的重要组成部分,在开发过程中,我们看到众多少数民族节庆跨越其本来的时空特质,出现了只要有游客来,就以表演节庆取悦游客的局面.东道主、旅游开发方、政府大都对此做出积极评价.本着对传统文化负责的态度,本文将以彝族火把节为例,分析这种"度日如年"[1]的旅游开发之利弊,提出节庆资源开发需要遵循的原则.     

Deconstructing the internal structure of perceived authenticity for heritage tourism

Abstract

Although modern society is more inclined to view authenticity from a postmodernist perspective, few quantitative studies on heritage tourism explored existential authenticity in detail. This study deconstructs authenticity into three components – object-related, intra-personal, and inter-personal – and then constructs a complete model by exploring each component’s internal structures, asking to what extent travel motivation is an antecedent and loyalty, a consequence. Data were obtained from 1,088 valid survey questionnaires distributed in Pingxi, Taiwan. Study findings confirmed the reliability and validity of the items used to measure the construct of authenticity. Regarding the internal structure of authenticity, intra-personal authenticity plays a mediating role between object-related authenticity and inter-personal authenticity, and this inter-personal authenticity may be the final value that tourists perceive. Compared with recent related studies, this model more comprehensively explains the degree of variation in loyalty, reflecting its importance for heritage tourism management and marketing. If a destination remains authentic, tourists are willing make a return visit. Authenticity may enable tourism managers to strike a balance between preservation and development when achieving the long-term goal of sustainable development.     

Authenticity and the authentication of heritage: dialogical perceptiveness

ABSTRACT

The dialogue on authenticity continues to evolve across different temporalities and disciplines. This editorial for the special issue summarizes contemporary progress made by scholars of heritage tourism and shares innovative corridors for deep deliberations. A broad spectrum of provocative ideas are touched upon, ranging from host–guest authentication and intangible heritage to knowledge transfer processes, authenticating heritage in fairytale settings, authenticity and anxiety in the smell of death and life, understanding the boundaries of authenticity, nostalgia, sustainability, marketing, destination competitiveness, and examining affective connotations of authenticity. Discursive insights are offered on how different authenticities are legitimized and critically deconstructed and re-constructed again in the authentication process, to underline the existence of power and authority interventions. Inspiring/innovative pathways, for future research, are also recommended.     

Authenticity & aura: A Benjaminian Approach to Tourism

As a dynamic concept, authenticity has ignited many debates regarding its meaning and utility, thus resulting in several theoretical perspectives (objective, constructive, postmodern, existential) with various analytical focuses, from object to experience. In light of its conceptual variability, it should be asked—What does authenticity do? This paper revisits Walter Benjamin’s notions of authenticity and aura; ideas introduced by MacCannell and worthy of further consideration. Similar to its development in tourism studies, Benjamin’s theorizations of the concept are complex and relational—authenticity is established through ritual and tradition and is connected to aura. They are mutually constitutive and simultaneously products of other phenomena. As it bridges analytical perspectives, his work offers a useful addition to the authenticity discourse.     

Chinese heritage tourists to heritage sites: what are the effects of heritage motivation and perceived authenticity on satisfaction?

Much of the literature on authenticity is Western-centric, while little work addresses the concept in the Asian environment. The literature relating to authenticity from Asian tourists’ point of view is even underdeveloped. This study therefore aims to fill the knowledge gap by investigating Chinese tourists’ perspective of authenticity. It also examines tourists’ perceived authenticity as a multi-dimensional construct in a consumer-based model, the relationship with heritage motivation and tourist satisfaction. Findings indicate that Chinese tourists’ perceptions of authenticity are closely related to objective and constructive authenticity. The study demonstrates that heritage motivation has a significant positive influence on perceived authenticity and that perceived authenticity has a strong ability to predict tourist satisfaction.     

遗产原真性·旅游者价值观偏好·遗产旅游原真性

本文指出旅游科学的"原真性"概念与遗产科学的渊源;提出应将"authenticity"译为"原真性"的理由;概述了遗产科学对"原真性"概念的认识发展;从旅游价值观偏好层面对当代旅游科学中出现的"客观主义原真性"、"建构主义原真性"、"存在主义原真性"、"后现代主义原真性"诸提法进行了评论;最后,较为概括地辨析了原真性概念在文化和遗产旅游中的具体处置.     

对民俗旅游文化本真性的多维度思考

在关于民俗旅游“本真性”的认知中,专家、当地居民和旅游者对本真性的认知并不全是相同的：专家关注的是文化环境的“本体真实”的保存,对本真性的认识经历了一个由静态到动态、由点及面的过程;当地居民更关注本地经济的发展和自己生活的改变;游客关注的是旅游经历的真实感受。从三个不同角度来审视这个问题是民俗旅游开发过程中全面解决文化保护与发展的有效之道。     

Heritage Tourism in Singapore Chinatown: A Perceived Value Approach to Authenticity and Satisfaction

This study examines object-based and existential authenticity using a multidimensional approach to perceived value. The effects of value perceptions on satisfaction are also examined. Data was collected from tourists at the Singapore Chinatown heritage precinct. The findings revealed that object-based authenticity, existential authenticity, and perceived monetary value positively influenced overall perceived value and subsequently, satisfaction. This paper provides researchers with a theoretical framework of authenticity and perceived value for future empirical studies in the heritage tourism context. It also provides insight into how destination marketers and policy makers can develop effective and sustainable strategies for heritage destinations.