低碳经济中全球价值链的经济学分析

全球价值链分工在为全球经济的持续增长注入新动力的同时,也带来二氧化碳等温室气体排放量剧增等环境污染问题。本文利用经济学中的成本收益分析方法,分析了低碳经济中各国参与全球价值链分工的比较优势。结果显示,在低碳经济的发展模式下,低碳技术进步、低碳需求的培育以及碳排放权、碳金融市场的完善是各国充分发挥竞争优势、实现全球价值链分工体系中价值链升级的基本条件。     

现代产权与绿色会计

现代产权的重新界定与保护,特别是生态环境资源这部分公共产权的界定与保护,是绿色会计产生和发展的直接动因。本文就立足于现代产权关系,如何构建可持续发展的绿色会计体系进行探讨。     

A Dynamic Study on Ecological Disaster,Government Regulation,and Renewable Resources

This article develops a dynamic model to investigate renewable resource markets under different property rights. We find that different property rights regimes in renewable resource markets yield very different equilibria. Under private property rights, the valve point increases with the natural growth rate, productivity, number of firms, and marginal costs. Under common property rights, “the tragedy of the commons” inescapably occurs. This study suggests how to avoid ecological disaster by implementing a set of public policies.     

Henry George's Contribution to Modern Environmental Policy: Part I, Theoretical Postulates

A bstract Many natural resources are inefficiently used in advanced western economies Overuse of common property resources such as air occurs The assignment of property rights through grandfathering established uses can have disincentive effects as an entry barrier to new industry and allow the continuation of pernicious uses A Henry George type alternative remedial system of legal and tax treatment is developed It systematically covers all natural resources and their deteriorations, as well as improvements This updating should be extremely useful to everyone concerned with ecology. Also the task of industrial siting can be accomplished so as to ensure an efficient use of natural resources Present problems of dealing with pollution and hazardous waste sites under tort law would be avoided This part of the two-part paper covers the basic theoretical considerations The next issue of this Journal will include the application of the theory     

Henry George's Contribution to Modern Environmental Policy:

A bstract . Many natural resources are inefficiently used in advanced western economies. Overuse of common property resources such as air occurs. The assignment of property rights through grandfathering established uses can have disincentive effects as an entry barrier to new industry and allow the continuation of pernicious uses. A Henry George type alternative remedial system of legal and tax treatment is developed. It systematically covers all natural resources and their deteriorations, as well as improvements. This updating will be extremely useful to everyone concerned with ecology. Also the task of industrial siting can be accomplished so as to ensure an efficient use of natural resources. Present problems of dealing with pollution and hazardous waste sites under tort law would be avoided. This part of the two-part paper covers the application of the theory. The last issue of this Journal presented the basic theoretical considerations.     

农村空心化下宅基地三权分置的功能作用、潜在风险与制度建构

宅基地两权分置限制使用权流转,加剧"内空外扩"农村空心化困局,使其落后于乡村发展需要。在我国城市化进程加快及乡村振兴战略实施等时代背景下,宅基地三权分置实现了保障性权能与财产性权能的分离,进而实现了使用权的独立性与完整性,使宅基地使用权市场化流转成为可能,重新盘活了乡村宅基地资源并符合人口双向流动新趋势。然而,当前宅基地三权分置仍处于初步探索阶段,需注意其因政策实践偏差而诱发宅基地集体使用权虚化、保障性权能弱化等潜在风险。因此,亟需完善配套制度,建立宅基地使用权流转市场,强化政策监控,加强"失宅"农民权益保障,合理配置闲置宅基地资源。     

Privatization Versus Groundwater Central Management

A group of free market natural resource economists argue that the current system of limited property rights for groundwater users should be replaced by a new system of freely transferable property rights This, they contend, would provide the more efficient allocation of groundwater resources and help alleviate the water scarcity problem in the United States Their case for privatization is critically appraised Groundwater hydrology , common property, contamination , and other third party effects are examined to determine the set of circumstances under which privatization would work best The following alternatives to the full privatization plan are also examined central management, legal reform , and "French style" privatized management of water systems     

基于人力资源产权运作机制的会计制度安排研究

本文以所有权界定为基础,对包括产权结构、权能交易、权益分配在内的人力资源产权运行进行了分析,揭示了基于产权运行人力资源会计程序的内在机制,从产权的初始状态、权能的动态过程、到权益的最终结果为其会计处理设计制度安排,以寻求解决人力资源会计应用所面临的标准问题。     

Property rights theory,transaction costs theory,and agency theory: an organizational economics approach to strategic management

Property rights theory has common antecedents with contractual theories of the firm such as transaction costs and agency theories, and is yet distinct from these theories. We illustrate fundamental theoretical principles derived from these three theories by analyzing the business case of oil field unitization. Theoretical principles and application of theory to oil field unitization are each summarized. From this, it is possible to see how property rights theory is well suited to explain business situations where inefficient economic outcomes persist. Additionally, property rights theory forges new theoretical connections with other branches of organizational economics, in particular, resource‐based theory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Real Estate as Institutional Fact: Towards A Philosophy of Everyday Objects

A bstract . Rigorous tools which are well known to philosophers can be put to use in the analyses of many concepts pertaining to social reality. This paper attempts to apply the distinction between brute and institutional facts advanced by John Searle to the analysis of property rights over land. It might be commonplace to suggest that all rights are entities whose existence is an institutional fact, i.e., it is the result of human conventions. In the case of property rights, it is not merely at this level that institutional reality confronts us. The object over which the property right falls, a land parcel, is itself an entity whose existence is an institutional fact. This doubly institutional character of property rights makes it easier to see that property rights over land have many important differences with other sorts of property rights. Of course, some of these differences have been pointed out before, say, by appealing to the seminal distinction between movables and immovables, but never with the rigor or the justification that I attempt here. As a result of taking seriously the nature of the object over which the right falls, we can see that property rights over land have more in common with other sorts of relationships, such as political conceptions of sovereignty, than with other forms of property rights. Real estate is just one of a myriad of social objects that we encounter every day. The ontology developed here is but one example of how philosophical analysis of everyday objects enriches our understanding of the social world, and offers us tools for clearer, practical treatment of these objects.     

Inadequacy of nation-based and VaR-based safety nets in the European Union

Considered as a social contract, a financial safety net imposes duties and confers rights on different sectors of the economy. Within a nation, elements of incompleteness inherent in this contract generate principal-agent conflicts that are mitigated by formal agreements, norms, laws, and the principle of democratic accountability. Across nations, additional gaps emerge that are hard to bridge. This paper shows that nationalistic biases and leeway in principles used to measure value-at-risk and bank capital make it unlikely that the crisis-prevention and crisis-resolution schemes incorporated in Basel II and EU Directives could allocate losses imbedded in troubled institutions efficiently or fairly across member nations.     

中国农村特色扶贫开发道路的制度分析：基于产权的视角

研究目标：借鉴马克思及西方产权理论主要思想,研究揭示中国农村特色扶贫开发道路的制度选择及经验。研究方法：基于产权理论对经济事实进行逻辑推演,并采用1978~2012年中国农村统计数据进行检验。研究发现：中国农村特色扶贫开发道路主要体现在农村资源（土地和人力）的产权制度改革上,由此形成的资源产权激励效应和正向扩散效应,正是中国农村人口发生大规模减贫的最重要原因及主要经验,并构成了中国特色社会主义制度的一部分。研究创新：本文基于产权理论的研究为减贫提供一个新的微观制度视角解释。研究价值：总结提炼中国农村特色扶贫开发道路的一般性理论经验,对今后减贫事业推进具有借鉴意义。     

The Economics of Property Rights and Human Rights

A bstract . Human rights and property rights are rights of the person , with the former being numbered among the latter. The property rights school of economics analyzes the impact of maximizing behavior within alternative sets of institutional structures defined in terms of the definition and distribution of property rights. Property rights are tools or parameters, not goals of economic policy in themselves. It is useful to view human rights in the same way. The 'optimal' structure of human rights in an exchange economy , like property rights, depends on the nature of market imperfections such as transactions costs . The views of Rawls, Arrow and Sen can be interpreted in the light of this analysis. It makes a tentative case for some communal human rights (aimed at moderating the effects of an unequal ditribution of resources ) within a system of private human rights vested in individuals rather than the State. This conclusion depends, however, on the distribution of transactions costs in human rights and the chosen role of human rights as tools of public policy.     

Rethinking Common Versus Private Property

The Commons/Green Movement seems to have accepted that the current system is based on the principles of private property, and then has juxtaposed the notion of common property to private property. In fact, the current system is based on violations of the principle on which private ownership is supposed to rest, namely, the principle of people getting the fruits of their labor. The Commons Movement should critique the current system as an abuse of private property both in how it treats the products of labor as well as how it treats that which is not the fruits of anyone's labor (natural resources). When private property is refounded on its just foundation, then economic enterprises would be democratic firms such as worker cooperatives, and the ground would be cleared to apply special arrangements to natural resources, which are not the products of labor.     

POVERTY,INSTITUTIONS AND ECONOMICS: HERNANDO DE SOTO ON PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT1

Hernando de Soto's analysis of the high cost of establishing, protecting and trading in property rights in his home country of Peru and other developing nations demonstrates the centrality of institutions to economic analysis and outcomes. The effective denial of property rights to hundreds of thousands of poor people means that their economic potential and that of their countries is largely untapped. De Soto's Peruvian think‐tank, the Institute for Liberty and Democracy, has worked for 20 years towards the implementation of reforms to clear property titles and reduce the excessive regulation that stifles developing world entrepreneurship.     

城市文化遗产保护与城市文化建设

从城市文化遗产与城市文化之间的紧密关系入手,认为文化遗产是城市发展的历史见证、特色体现及重要的发展资源;同时考察了当前快速城市化以及全球化的社会和时代背景对城市文化遗产保护所造成的严重冲击,以及城市对文化建设和特色塑造的必然追求,并就其传承与发展提出了相关建议。     

Henry George on Property Rights: Reply to John Pullen

John Pullen argues that Henry George's proposal to "make land common property" is inconsistent with his proposal to tax rent. This reply argues that George's two formulations are consistent, and that Pullen has confused common property with state property. On the other hand, Pullen's conception of property as composed of a "basket of rights" focuses attention on the question of whether, as trustee of the common property, a Georgist regime should be understood to have certain rights (and obligations) to constrain private land use decisions.     

Radical Trade Reform: From Industrial to Ecological Civilization

All theories of international trade that are based on the paradigm of industrial civilization are becoming obsolete. The premises behind the principle of comparative advantage, which developed in the historical context of the early 19^th century, are disappearing. Uncertainties about the future of fossil fuels, conflicts between rich and poor, global ecological fragility, and many other symptoms of system failure have revealed the flaws of industrial civilization and international trade. We examine the history of trade theory within the framework of industrial civilization. We then propose the transition to an ecological civilization, which will restore the diversity of cultures by moving away from the homogeneous world culture that globalization has begun to create. Under the conditions of ecological civilization, international trade will serve the human need to exchange the surplus of each society and to communicate with other cultures. It will cease to be a system of debt and dependence that threatens the sovereignty of most nations today.     

我国矿产资源税费征收现状及存在的问题

我国矿产资源行业存在着国家财产权利没有得到充分体现和矿山企业税费负担过重的双重问题,严重制约了矿业经济的可持续发展。文章借鉴国外矿产资源税费制度,提出要建立科学的矿产资源税费制度,以完善矿产资源税费理论。     

Two Models of Ownership: How Commons Has Co‐Existed with Private Property

This article challenges the claim by many historians that the rise of capitalism requires the destruction of common property systems. In contrast to the English case in which commons were enclosed, French peasants used their common property system to regulate the market, provide a rural safety net and a democratic check on elites, while urban industry developed. European battles over common property replayed in surprising ways in colonial African countries such as Sierra Leone, and echoes reemerge today. The West African country of Guinea tests two possible paths to development of a market society: the English path and the French path. Interviews with key government officials collected in 1993 help explain why Guinea, despite adopting a land law in 1992 inspired by the English path, has so far failed to widely apply the law and, in fact, is following the French path. The United States pursued a policy of replacing American Indian common property systems with exclusive individual property rights. Nonetheless, Indian common property survives in the form of recent recognition of Indian off‐reservation hunting and fishing rights. The Menominee reservation successfully resisted the destruction of its common property system and today participates in the market in a manner that preserves reservation ecology, democratic government, and Menominee cultural identity. Rethinking the meaning of French, African, and U.S. accommodation to common property systems offers important lessons for contemporary development policies in Africa and around the world.