河南新型城镇化与乡村治理耦合协调性分析

［目的］新型城镇化建设是实现全面建设小康社会的必经之路，乡村治理的有效实施是城镇化建设的重要内容，研究两者之间的耦合关系，有助于不断加快城乡一体化的进程。［方法］通过构建河南省新型城镇化与乡村治理发展水平评价体系，采用熵值法和加权法对2007—2016年新型城镇化与乡村治理发展水平展开了评价，采用障碍度诊断模型对制约该省新型城镇化和乡村治理水平的障碍因子进行了诊断，采用耦合协调度模型，探讨两者之间的耦合发展演变规律。［结果］（1）2007—2016年河南省城镇化发展水平评价分值呈明显的上升趋势，由2007年的0211提高到2016年的0788。二、三产业从业人数、亿元GDP专利授权量和城镇人口密度是该省城镇化发展进程中的主要障碍因素。（2）2007—2009年乡村治理评价分值呈上升趋势，由2007年的0444提高到2009年的0482。2010—2013年乡村治理评价分值呈现下降趋势，由2010年的0441降低到2013年的0397。2014年乡村治理评分开始上升，2016年相比2014年提高223%。农药投入、农村居民恩格尔系数和化肥投入是制约该省乡村治理水平的主要障碍因子。（3）2007年河南省新型城镇化和乡村治理之间的耦合协调度为0377，处于低度协调耦合等级。2008—2016年耦合协调度整体上由0403提高到0575，处于中度协调耦合等级。［结论］河南省新型城镇化处于良好的发展态势，但乡村治理较为落后，今后城镇化建设应以乡村治理为基础，努力实现两者的耦合协调度向更高水平发展。     

新型城乡关系构建与乡村振兴的关系研究*——以湖南省为例

[目的]研究新型城乡关系构建与乡村振兴之间的发展关系,对缩短城乡差距,优化城乡结构具有重要意义。[方法]从乡村经济发展水平、乡村社会发展水平和乡村生态发展水平3个方面构建了18个指标在内的评价体系,评价2007—2017年湖南省乡村振兴发展水平变化趋势。分析2007—2017年湖南省人口城镇化率、土地城镇化率和产业城镇化率的演变特征。采用灰色关联分析模型定量化深入探讨新型城乡关系与乡村振兴发展之间的内在关系。[结果](1)2007—2017年,湖南省人口城镇化率、土地城镇化率和产业城镇化率均呈现逐年递增的趋势,其中人口城镇化率由40.45%提高到54.62%,土地城镇化率由0.52%提高到0.81%,产业城镇化率由83.13%提高到91.16%,城镇化发展水平明显提升。(2)2007—2017年湖南省乡村经济发展水平和社会发展水平评价分值均呈现明显的递增趋势,乡村生态发展水平评价分值波动性较大,2009—2013年呈现明显的递减趋势,2014开始有所改善。综合发展水平评价分值由2007年的0.208提高到2017年的0.862,整体发展水平明显提升,且发展态势良好。(3)湖南省新型城乡关系与乡村振兴发展相关指标关联度均大于0.5,具有较好的关联性。其中乡村社会发展水平与人口城镇化率和土地城镇化率的关联度较高,乡村社会发展水平与产业城镇化率的关联度较高。[结论]统筹城乡协调发展,对湖南省尽快实现乡村振兴,加快城镇化进程具有重要意义。     

山东省乡村人居环境可持续发展水平评价及提升策略研究

[目的]改善乡村人居环境是我国新农村建设的重要内容,也是实现乡村振兴战略的一场硬仗。[方法]文章从生产环境、生活环境和生态环境三个方面系统构建了乡村人居环境可持续发展水平评价指标体系,采用熵权法和加权综合法对2007—2017年山东省乡村人居环境可持续发展水平及时空分异展开研究,并进一步分析生产环境、生活环境和生态环境3个子系统之间的协调性变化趋势。[结果](1) 2007—2017年山东省乡村人居环境可持续发展水平评价分值基本呈直线增长趋势,发展态势良好。其中生产环境、生活环境和生态环境均整体得到一定的改善。(2) 2007—2009年山东省乡村人居环境协调指数呈现上升趋势。2010—2014年乡村人居环境协调指数整体呈现降低趋势。2015—2017年协调指数有所提升,但增幅较小。(3)研究阶段内各地级市乡村人居环境可持续发展水平评价分值均呈递增趋势,但区域之间存在一定差异,主要表现在东部沿海地区相对发展水平较高,鲁西南地区比较落后。随着可持续发展水平的提升,地区差异越来越明显。[结论]各地市应充分发挥地区区位、产业、交通等优势,继续统筹生产、生活和生态环境稳步协调发展,不断缩短地区差异,综合提升乡村人居环境可持续发展水平。     

成渝地区双城经济圈新型城镇化与乡村振兴耦合协调研究

新型城镇化与乡村振兴两大战略既立足于解决城镇与乡村面临的突出问题,亦承担着推动城乡融合发展的重责。文章通过定性分析新型城镇化与乡村振兴的耦合协调机制,构建二者的评价指标体系和耦合协调模型,并基于2006-2018年的数据对成渝地区双城经济圈16个市的新型城镇化与乡村振兴发展水平、耦合协调水平进行定量测度。结果显示:(1)成渝地区双城经济圈新型城镇化与乡村振兴发展水平总体呈上升态势,市域间二者发展差距收窄;(2)耦合度有所上升且保持在高位水平,耦合质量和效率亟待进一步提高;(3)耦合协调度上升趋势明显,双核心城市带动作用呈现"弱—强—弱"的演变。基于此,应坚持农业农村优先发展,缩小城乡差距;推动新型城镇化向纵深发展,做好与乡村振兴的对接协同;强化双核心城市的带动作用,有针对性地提升协调水平。     

河南省新型城镇化与美丽乡村建设耦合研究

［目的］新型城镇化是美丽乡村建设的重要推动力，美丽乡村建设是新型城镇化重要组成部分，新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设两者相辅相成，缺一不可，探讨两者的协调发展有利促进新农村建设和城乡一体化发展。［方法］以河南省为例，在评价新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设指标的基础上，通过耦合协调发展度模型研究其耦合协调发展程度。［结果］（1）2008—2017年河南省新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设的耦合协调度介于02~06之间，从中度失调衰退发展到勉强协调发展，其中2008—2010年耦合协调度处于中度失调衰退， 2011—2012年耦合协调度处于轻度失调衰退， 2013—2016年耦合协调度处于濒临失调发展， 2017年耦合协调度处于勉强协调发展； （2）不同市区新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设的耦合协调度介于02~06之间，其中郑州市处于勉强协调阶段，周口市、驻马店市和南阳市等3市区的耦合协调度处于濒临失调发展阶段，开封市、洛阳市、安阳市、新乡市、焦作市、濮阳市、许昌市、商丘市、信阳市和济源市等10市区的耦合协调度处于轻度失调衰退阶段，平顶山市、鹤壁市、漯河市和三门峡市等4市区的耦合协调度处于中度失调衰退阶段。［结论］目前河南省新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设仍处于初级协调阶段，各市区发展不平衡，要实现农村的可持续发展，必须加强新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设的耦合协调发展。     

河南省新型城镇化与农业现代化协调关系测度

[目的]科学构建新型城镇化与农业现代化协调发展评价方法体系并研判两者是否协调及协调状态对河南省建设现代农业强省至关重要。[方法]文章基于2006—2016年时间序列数据,采用AHP法、耦合度模型和协调度模型,构建新型城镇化和农业现代化评价指标,定量测度新型城镇化与农业现代化耦合度与协调度。[结果]河南省新型城镇化成效显著。人口城镇化、经济城镇化、城乡一体化、社会城镇化和生态城镇化等都取得了明显的效益。河南省农业现代化水平不断增强, 2006—2016年,农业现代化指数由0.215 4提升到0.781 6。河南省新型城镇化与农业现代化的耦合度为中度耦合,处于拮抗阶段,这说明新型城镇化与农业现代化的关系存在失衡。河南省新型城镇化和农业现代化的协调度经历了中度失调—轻度失调—濒临协调—勉强协调—初步协调5个阶段,两者的协调水平还较低。[结论]河南省应把发展现代农业作为推进新型城镇化的重要抓手,提升农业供给能力,为新型城镇化与农业现代化协调发展提供支撑和保障。     

基于乡村振兴战略的河北省城乡协调发展空间格局分析

[目的]为贯彻落实中央“三农”决策部署,河北省省委、省政府实施乡村振兴战略,为准确把握目前河北省城乡统筹发展基础现状,制定可行性短期目标,把握具体努力方向,文章从乡村振兴战略角度研究河北省城乡协调发展空间格局分析。[方法]从乡村振兴战略的角度构建河北省城乡协调发展评价指标体系,采用层次分析法计算指标权重,利用协调度模型得到2017年河北省11个地级市城乡发展协调度,并选择空间自相关法,采用Moran's I指数和Moran散点图,通过GeoDA095i和ArcGIS10.1软件对河北省11个地级市的城乡发展协调度进行全局和局部空间自相关分析。[结果](1)河北省11个地级市城乡协调度发展总体上处于Ⅲ和Ⅳ等级,且以第Ⅲ等级为主,说明河北省城乡协调发展总体上处于基本协调发展阶段,为河北省实施乡村振兴战略打造了比较良好的基础。(2)河北省城乡协调发展具有一定的空间集聚特征,表现为协调度高的地级市相邻,协调度低的地级市相邻,城乡协调发展水平较高的是冀中和冀南,协调发展较低的是冀北地区,呈现出一定的两极分化特征。[结论]2017年河北省城乡协调发展总体发展水平不高,低于全国平均水平,且两极化特征明显,仍有非常大的发展空间,河北省实施乡村振兴战略要从整体提高协调发展水平及去除两极化差异入手。     

广西乡村振兴与新型城镇化动态协调发展关系研究

厘清乡村振兴与新型城镇化协调发展关系,对于加快城乡融合具有重大现实意义。文章以广西为研究案例,通过构建乡村振兴与新型城镇化评价指标体系,运用熵权法、耦合协调模型、误差修正模型、VAR模型等分析方法,量化乡村振兴与新型城镇化的耦合协调关系、均衡变动关系、Granger因果关系、动态发展关系。研究发现:广西新型城镇化与乡村振兴发展水平不断提高,耦合协调度逐年上升,但耦合阶段依旧处于低水平的磨合期;新型城镇化与乡村振兴显著正相关,两大战略经过多年磨合形成了长期均衡变动关系;乡村振兴与新型城镇化存在单向的Granger因果关系,新型城镇化是乡村振兴Granger的因;新型城镇化对乡村振兴的推动作用显著,而乡村振兴对新型城镇化的影响效果不理想。鉴于此,协调城乡发展关系,必须遵循制度作用规律,加快落实乡村振兴战略,提高新型城镇化水平,构建乡村振兴与新型城镇化协调发展机制。     

云南省新型城镇化与生态环境协调度研究

[目的]通过对云南省新型城镇化与生态环境协调发展进行研究,对其时空耦合关系进行分析,旨在为促进云南省城乡统筹发展提供科学的参考。[方法]文章运用耦合度与协调度评价模型对云南省新型城镇化与生态环境发展时空耦合关系进行分析,并对云南省新型城镇化水平和生态环境效益进行测算,从空间分析两者发展的差异。[结果]在新型城镇化水平空间分布中,只有昆明市处于高水平,中等及以上水平的只有玉溪市和曲靖市,其余13个市(州)则处于较低水平以下,在生态环境效益空间分布中,只有迪庆处于高水平,处于较高和中等水平的有怒江和丽江,其余13市(州)则处于较低水平以下。[结论]云南省新型城镇化发展与生态环境效益水平在空间上存在较大差异,从空间分布情况来看,其新型城镇化水平呈现从中部向周边递减的特征,基于可持续发展理念,根据地区发展实际制定相关政策,加强各市(州)间的合作交流,是缩小地区间差异,推进新型城镇化水平的关键环节;新型城镇化快速发展对生态环境有着较高要求,云南省新型城镇化与生态环境发展还未达到高水平耦合阶段,但是其协调程度在不断提升;减少新型城镇化发展中资源分配不均及资源利用的不合理对生态环境的破坏是提升云南新型城镇化发展的关键。     

丘陵地区乡村旅游与新型城镇化关系研究*——以四川省南充市为例

［目的］通过以丘陵城市为研究对象，建立乡村旅游与新型城镇化耦合关联指标体系，评价四川省南充市乡村旅游与新型城镇化耦合协调度。［方法］运用熵权综合指数、耦合协调度模型、趋势分析、空间自相关模型分析方法，分析2007—2016 年南充市乡村旅游与新型城镇化时空耦合协调发展关系，运用GeoDa软件计算南充市乡村旅游与新型城镇化耦合协调度的空间相关特征。［结果］南充市乡村旅游与新型城镇化发展水平并不协调，呈“高耦合，低协调”状态； 耦合协调程度总体偏低、发展缓慢； 耦合度和耦合协调度发展趋势不一致，呈“反向”分布态势； 耦合协调度空间相关性较弱，各县域单元临近区域乡村旅游与新型城镇化水平存在差异性，没有显著的空间关联。［结论］南充市乡村旅游与新型城镇化耦合协调度水平低，发展慢，空间集聚特征不显著，关联性弱。丘陵地区乡村旅游与新型城镇化的融合发展，应充分发挥丘陵地形优势，提升乡村品质发展丘陵沟谷乡村游； 发展河谷江滩乡村游构建养生养老体系； 延续丘陵文脉，优化乡村空间发展格局。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.