关于民营经济发展若干问题的分析

随着我国市场经济体制的逐步完善，民营经济也获得了超常规发展，并成为地方经济中一支不可忽视的重要力量。事实证明，民营经济在社会主义初级阶段具有较强的发展潜力，在一定程度上其发展速度较之其他经济成分更为迅速。然而，由于历史及现实等因素的影响，民营经济在发展过程中，其现存及潜在的问题仍然很多，这些问题对于民营经济的进一步发展无疑具有巨大的阻碍作用。笔者对现存的问题及解决途径略陈己见。     

论优化民营经济外部环境

我国民营经济近年来得到了快速发展，这与国家经济体制转轨过程中外部环境的不断优化密切相关，但同样，仍存在诸多阻碍民营经济发展的外部环境因素。基于社会主义市场经济体制下各类企业市场准人条件的日趋公平化和非公有制企业与其它企业享受同等待遇的目标，对民营经济的诸多不合理限制将逐渐取消，民营经济外部环境的优化值得研究和期待。     

我国民营经济发展问题讨论综述

近年来我国民营经济发展取得了长足进步,已逐步成为我国经济中最具活力的部分,并呈现出蓬勃发展的势头,为我国经济社会繁荣发展做出了突出贡献。但由于受传统体制、陈旧观念和自身素质等因素的影响,其发展还存在不少的困难,因此,如何推动和加快民营经济的发展步伐,是深化改革中亟待研究和解决的问题,现将有关讨论综述如下。     

论民营经济的制度创新

本文认为 ,在新的竞争形势下 ,民营经济要进一步快速发展 ,除为其创造平等竞争的环境外 ,民营经济自身也必须进行体制创新 ,走出个体经营、合伙经营或家族式经营模式 ,逐步建立起现代企业制度。     

关于民营经济的定位问题

社会主义市场经济在运行层面上应构建以民营经济为主体、国营与之相配合的格局，而这是在初步建立起社会主义市场经济体制后为进一步完善这个体制所要解决的新主题。改革中提出民营经济概念具有创意；民营经济不同于国营经济，与私有经济也不是一回事；民营经济发展的前景可以从多角度进行观察；加快发展民营经济要从多方面进行思考与促进。     

西部开发应大力发展民营经济

改革开放后造成我国东西部差距拉大的重要原因之一就是西部地区民营经济及其他非公有制经济下发达。现在我国实施西部大开发战略,理应大力发展民营经济。发展民营经济有其必然性与可行性。发展民营经济必须解放思想,大胆创新,加快经济体制改革,建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制,努力营造利于民营经济发展的外部环境,并深化民营企业的改革,提高自身的竞争能力。     

制约我国民营企业发展的路径依赖效应

我国民营经济是在传统体制的外围或薄弱环节中成长起来的 ,当其发展到一定规模之后 ,如果传统体制的核心部分的改革不能取得实质上有成效的突破 ,必然对民营经济的进一步发展构成制度和模式上的制约。本文对我国民营企业发展的路径依赖效应试做分析并提出改进的措施。     

第四届中国民营经济创新论坛征稿启事

在中小企业面临"三荒两高"和企业家逃债潮背景下,民营经济需通过创新发展以实现稳健发展。为了充分研讨中国民营经济如何破除发展困境、实现经济转型和产业融合发展,《经济社会体制比较》杂志和(长三角)浙江省民营经济研究会台州分会等机构决定于2012年11月中旬在浙江省台州市联合主办"中国民营经济创新论坛",论坛主题为"民营经济创新与产业融合发展"。一、会议组织主办单位:《经济社会体制比较》杂志、(长三角)浙江省民营     

民营经济与政府管理的中外比较

改革开放20多年，我国国民经济以年均9．5％的速度增长，个体、私营经济的年增长速度达到20％以上。尽管民营经济占社会资源比重只有三分之一，但对GDP增长的贡献已经占到三分之二。随着民营经济的发展壮大，传统体制对民营经济发展的制约日益突出，从而阻碍了民营经济的健康良好发展。由于国外尤其是一些欧美国家市场经济体制成熟较早，他们的政府在促进与发展本国“民营经济”方面也积累了许多成功的经验，将民营经济与政府管理进行中外比较，进而借鉴先发国家的一些成熟做法，对我国民营经济的良性发展具有重大的积极意义。     

促进民营经济投资与发展的税收政策选择

本文从分析民营经济投资与发展现状和存在问题出发,对计划经济旧观念与旧体制下形成的限制民营经济发展的制度性障碍,如市场准入、投融资难、税收歧视等进行了深入的分析。在此基础上,从为民营经济投资与发展创造宽松环境角度,提出了一系列相应的税收政策建议,以期促进民营经济的健康发展。     

中国体制转型与城镇居民家庭财富分配差距——一个资产转换的视角

本文以中国城镇住房改革为例,从资产转换的角度研究了中国体制转型过程中城镇居民家庭财富积累及分配差距的产生。20世纪80年代以来的房屋政策鼓励工作单位将住房出售给现有居民,即住房商品化。通过1988、1995和2002年中国城镇住户收入调查的数据分析,20世纪90年代中期以来的住房商品化过程中,相对于私营部门居民家庭,干部和国有单位工作的家庭更容易以折扣价从工作单位获得住房。随着近期住房市场的繁荣,原有的以及住房商品化过程中产生的住房不平等,已经转化成国有和私营部门家庭财富的更大差距,而且干部的住房增值优势和国有部门家庭的财富优势随着市场化的推进有加速增加的趋势。     

公共产品供给的"第四条道路"--PPP模式研究

PPP 是基础设施等准公共产品供给新模式。该模式依据公共产品理论和代理理论,依托私人部门的资金、技术和管理等优势,缓解了公共部门支出不足,提高了公共支出效率的新公共管理模式。PPP 的突出特点是公共部门向私人部门转移风险和私人部门向公共部门传递现金价格。我国已具备实行 PPP 模式的现实环境和管理意识。应重新界定公共部门,加强政府服务意识,加快公共管理改革步伐,通过 PPP 模式,减轻政府财政压力,提升我国公共服务的供给水平。     

关于公有经济收入差别倒U理论的讨论与验证(上)

在经济发展方式逐步从增长型向分配型、从生产型向消费型、从建设型向民生型转变的过程中,回顾和总结学术界关于居民收入分配差别的讨论显然是必要的。文章从多个方面回顾、分析和考察了"公有经济收入差别倒U理论"这一理论模型提出后的争论焦点及演变过程,包括围绕这一理论所讨论的主要内容,比如有关公有制经济与私有制经济条件的比较分析,有关劳动差别、劳动供求、剩余/生计比以及农村收入差别大于城镇差别等两部门内部各种因素的趋势、二元结构部门转换影响收入差别的讨论,有关国有资本积累及改革引起的民营资本积累、税收政策和体制改革对收入差别变动趋势的影响的讨论,以及这一理论在中国的验证等。分析表明,目前中国居民收入差别还在沿着公有经济收入差别倒U曲线的前半段逐步呈"阶梯形"上升,但上升的势头已经趋缓,并且个别方面比如城市化等因素导致的收入差别已经初现下降趋势。     

REVENUE TRAPS

When state officials care about tax revenue and factors of production are mobile across economic sectors, political economies organize themselves into equilibria where officials promote sectors to which resources are allocated, which in turn encourages that resource allocation. Differences across sectors in the ability of officials to extract revenues may result in a "revenue trap": the persistence of a low-productivity equilibrium even in the presence of large shocks to resource allocation. I argue that the failure of privatization in part of the postcommunist world to effect a shift toward new private economic activity resulted in part from such a trap.     

不同所有制企业的工资决定机制考察

本文通过1989—1997年教育回报率在不同所有制间的差异及其变化来考察中国的劳动力市场。利用CHNS数据分别估计国有企业、大型集体企业、小型集体企业以及私营企业的工资方程,结果表明教育回报率在民营部门增加得较为明显,在其他部门则没有增加的迹象。1997年,民营部门教育回报率明显高于其他部门,样本选择只能解释其中一部分差异,这表明民营经济工资决定机制与其他部门不同。     

Local financial development and constraints on domestic private-firm exports: Evidence from city commercial banks in China

We show that the development of city commercial banks (CCBs) across China has alleviated the constraints from China’s domestic financial-market inefficiency on the export activity of domestic private firms. Considering the export behavior of 260 cities between 1997 and 2012, we confirm the well-established under-performance of domestic private firms in financially more vulnerable sectors compared to foreign affiliates in China. We show that a greater number of CCB branches raises domestic private-firm exports disproportionately more in financially-dependent sectors, which is in line with improved financing conditions for these companies. This improvement in export performance appears to result from both an increase in the number of destination countries and a decline in prices. CCB development is moreover associated with a reduction in the systematic disadvantage of domestic private firms relative to foreign-owned firms in export markets resulting from their greater financial exclusion. We, however, also find that private-firm export performance has deteriorated relative to that of state-owned firms, casting doubt on the ability of CCBs to end the systematic bias of lending in favor of the state sector.     

Employment and Wages in the Private and Local Government Sectors in a Centralized Fiscal System

This paper discusses the interaction between the local government and private sector in an institutional context consistent with a centralized fiscal system. Under decentralized wage setting in the private sector, the effects of shocks in the two sectors depend on whether private and local public goods are substitutes or complements in the union utility function. Higher wage markup in the local government sector unambiguously decreases government output while the effect on private sector employment is ambiguous. Higher income taxes have ambiguous effects on local government output. Shocks in the private sector can be reinforced through feedback effects from the local government sector. A shift from decentralized to centralized wage setting in the private sector reduces wages and increases employment in both sectors.     

EMPIRICAL IMPACT OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE JAPANESE ECONOMY*

We study the impact of public capital investment on individual sectors of the Japanese economy using time‐series data for the period of 1970–1998. We employ a production function approach and also estimate a dynamic VAR/ECM model. We find significant differences in the employment effects, output effects and private investment effects across sectors. Public capital investment has a positive effect on employment in the finance, insurance and real estate (FIRE), manufacturing, construction and utilities sectors; on private investment in the FIRE, agriculture, transportation, trade and services sectors; and on output in the mining, FIRE, trade and manufacturing sectors.     

Private sector employment in Russia: Scale, composition and performance

In Russia, as across Central and Eastern Europe, privatization and the establishmemt of new private firms have been viewed as key factors in labour market adjustment during the transition period. This paper considers the overall employment developments in the private sector in Russia and the extent to which the private sector employment performance is differentiated from that of other sectors in five Russian regions. The analysis is based on a fresh look at these issues using official statistics published by Goskomstat and drawing on microdata from the March 1996 Russian Labour Force Survey (LFS). A special questionnaire attached to the LFS in the study regions provides supplementary information.
The paper highlights shifts in the sectoral composition of employment, including growth in private sector employment. Compared to other forms of ownership, the analysis confirms a tendency for private sector ownership in the study regions to be associated with stronger employment performance with respect to hours worked and, in some cases, timely payment of wages. Private sector firms appear to have relatively flexible employment patterns, utilizing more fixed-term or part-time employment than other types of firms and experiencing greater labour turnover. Also, private sector employees tend to be somewhat younger and probably more adaptable people. However, there is significant variation across the study regions and substantial exceptions exist with respect to the above-mentioned tendencies. With respect to employment issues, the differentiation between sectors appears to be less pronounced than one might have expected.