宏观审慎监管：一个文献综述

金融危机的爆发,使得人们对金融监管更加重视。在后危机时代,诸如金融监管如何克服金融体系的顺周期性,如何防范和降低金融体系的系统性风险,如何从监管的角度保障金融和经济的稳定等问题需要监管当局的重新审视。而以金融稳定为目标的宏观审慎监管,作为后危机时代金融监管发展的新方向,成为国内外学者的研究热点。因此,对宏观审慎监管的文献梳理便显得十分重要,并且能够为其今后在中国的进一步发展提供更加丰富的理论依据。     

关于宏观审慎监管框架下逆周期政策的探讨

理论和实务界总结此次国际金融危机的经验教训,一致认为应当对金融监管理念和方式进行重大调整。加强宏观审慎监管,并将其与微观审慎监管进行有机结合,将成为后危机时代各国金融监管的主要发展趋势。本文认为,现阶段实施宏观审慎监管的一项重要任务,就是要针对金融体系的顺周期性,特别是对资本监管、贷款损失准备计提和公允价值会计准则等外部规则强化金融体系顺周期性的机理进行研究,一方面对这些规则进行修改完善,降低其顺周期效应;另一方面引入逆周期政策工具,如逆周期资本要求、杠杆率指标和前瞻性的拨备计提规则等,在金融体系中建立适当的逆周期机制,从而通过降低信贷活动、资产价格以及整个经济的周期性波动来减小金融失衡,缓解系统性风险,最终达到维护金融稳定的目标。     

系统性风险与宏观审慎监管——基于美国银行业的实证研究

后危机时期,国际金融界开始反思金融监管体制的弊端,加强基于系统性风险的宏观审慎监管,维护金融稳定成为今后改革的方向。以2009年初美联储进行压力测试的美国18家大银行为研究对象,对其风险波动率和系统性风险予以度量。实证研究表明,2007年次贷危机爆发起,美国银行业的系统性风险从低谷走向高峰,至今虽有所缓释,但仍高于危机前的水平。因此,金融监管目标框架应该是:以控制系统性风险为中心,加强宏观审慎监管,保持微观审慎监管,确保金融体系的安全与健康。     

宏观审慎与微观审慎相互补充的国际比较与启示

宏观审慎政策是国际社会反思2008年国际金融危机的广泛共识和危机后主要经济体的普遍实践。宏观审慎监管是为维护金融体系的稳定,防止金融系统对经济体系的负外部溢出而采取的一种自上而下的监管模式。为了完善宏观审慎政策和货币政策调控框架,我国应把在国内宏观审慎政策的具体形式和实践发展要求结合起来,吸收借鉴国际宏观审慎与微观审慎相互补充的有效做法,不断完善宏观审慎政策框架,丰富和优化宏观审慎政策工具,切实提高系统性金融风险防范化解能力。     

宏观审慎监管政策框架及央行作用

由美国次贷危机引发的国际金融危机对全世界形成了巨大冲击,吸取金融危机的教训、维护金融体系的稳定,迫切需要加强和完善宏观审慎监管。本文重点介绍了压力测试、逆经济周期波动的政策措施、防范金融跨市场跨领域发展潜藏的系统性风险等三种宏观审慎监管的方法和手段．并对央行在宏观审慎监管中应起的作用做了阐述。     

金融稳定：货币政策与金融监管

后危机时代,政策制定者和学术界达成一个共识就是：必须加强微观审慎监管、宏观审慎监管和国际监管合作,防止系统性风险,维护金融稳定。本文主要探讨货币政策与金融监管的相关问题;建立有效的宏观审慎监管框架中突出中央银行地位;适应国际金融监管新趋势,加强后危机时代金融监管;我国应如何加强金融监管维护金融稳定。     

对建立我国宏观审慎监管框架的思考

微观审慎监管自金融危机以后已无法有效地预防和化解系统性风险,虽我国的金融监管近几年有效性有所提高,可与发达国家相比还处于较低的水平。我国亟需引入宏观审慎监管的理念,保障金融体系的稳定,构建宏观审慎监管框架。而宏观审慎正好向金融监管部门提供了一个新的治理金融市场的方向,把监管视角从微观审慎转向宏观审慎,有效地补充此次金融危机所暴露出的监管空白。本文介绍了我国金融监管的发展和现状,并就建立我国宏观审慎监管框架提出建议:金融统计的标准、系统风险度量、系统重要性机构因其独特的性质需要差别化要求,最后对中央银行行使宏观审慎监管职能的优劣做出了相关分析。     

宏观审慎监管:内容与框架

宏观审慎监管将整个金融体系看作一个完整的系统,重点关注对金融稳定具有系统重要性影响的金融机构和金融市场,并由监管当局采取针对性的监管措施,维护金融体系的健康运行.宏观审慎监管框架包括宏观审慎分析、宏观审慎政策工具和宏观审慎政策安排三大要素.建立我国宏观审慎监管体系,应从建立宏观审慎框架和宏观审慎分析系统着手,并注重宏观审慎政策工具的研究开发.     

基于宏观审慎原则的中国金融监管

科技的发展,技术的进步,加速了金融全球化趋势。各金融体系不再是孤立的存在,相互之间联系紧密,相互影响、相互作用的同时,也传播与扩大了金融系统性风险。而宏观审慎监管对于预防以及控制金融系统性风险具有重要的意义。此时,加强宏观审慎监管就显得尤为重要。作者运用理论研究的方法,简单阐述了宏观审慎监管的概念,分析了我国金融监管的现状,提出了针对宏观审慎监管的建议,以期对我国宏观审慎监管框架的构建有所帮助。     

基于金融消费者权益保护视角的宏、微观审慎监管模式比较

次贷危机的发生再次引发人们对微观审慎监管模式的反思,由于缺乏统一的监管者,忽略金融控股集团在衍生品市场上共同风险暴露、对顺周期性效应无能为力等原因,使得单纯的微观审慎监管在降低单个金融机构的个体风险的同时提高了系统性风险,难以保证金融体系的稳定。后危机时代加强宏观审慎监管成为改革的主要方向,文章从金融消费者保护视角反思微观审慎监管模式的缺陷,提出必须完善我国宏、微观审慎监管,切实加强对金融消费者权益保护的建议。     

The nexus of macroprudential supervision,monetary policy,and financial stability

I discuss changes to bank supervision and regulation since the financial crisis. Microprudential supervision promotes the safety and soundness of individual institutions, while macroprudential supervision focuses on emerging risks to financial system stability. I highlight tools for implementing this macroprudential approach to promoting financial stability, and discuss the interactions and proper relationship between monetary policy and financial stability. While macroprudential tools should be the first line of defense against emerging financial imbalances, in cases where those tools proved to be inadequate to limit risks to financial stability, monetary policy should be considered as a possible defense.     

宏观审慎政策的国际协调问题研究--基于我国的DSGE模拟分析

本文在两国模型的DSGE框架下引入宏观审慎政策监管机制,把金融摩擦、国际资本流动和宏观审慎政策纳入同一个一般均衡分析框架。通过国际贸易和国际资本流动机制,考察宏观审慎政策的国际影响机制。基于我国的模拟分析结果表明,第一,对于我国来说,宏观审慎政策的国际合作不仅能够有效地应对国内经济冲击,也有助于抵御外部经济冲击。第二,我国推动构建国际宏观审慎政策长效合作机制,有助于积极应对国际资本流动,促进我国资本市场进一步开放。第三,我国宏观审慎政策存在国际溢出效应,但是对其他国家的影响并不明显。     

货币、财政和宏观审慎政策的协调搭配研究

本文通过构建包含多部门和多元宏观政策的DSGE模型,对货币政策、财政政策和宏观审慎政策的最优反应规则及其协调组合问题进行了分析。分析结果显示:(1)从社会福利最大化的角度,货币政策可继续盯住通胀和产出的稳定,政府支出和税收政策可分别重点盯住产出稳定和债务稳定,而宏观审慎政策则可重点关注以信贷利差和信贷波动为代表的关键金融变量;(2)货币政策、财政政策和宏观审慎政策,通过合理的搭配和组合使用,能比任何单一政策工具都具有更好的经济金融稳定效应;反之,政策之间的不协调将显著削弱彼此的调控效应,加大经济和金融波动,从而导致显著的社会福利损失;(3)从多种政策协调搭配产生“合力”的内在机制来看,财政政策主要通过增加对产出、通胀、就业和债务等变量的稳定效应,对货币政策产生额外助力,而宏观审慎政策则主要通过稳定金融体系和降低金融风险对货币政策产生助力。上述结论表明,在多种经济金融政策并存的情况下,基于良好设定的政策规则,同时加强政策各部门之间的协调合作,是确保多元政策产生积极合力的重要基础。     

货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调

本文在梳理学术文献和国际经验基础上,讨论了货币政策与宏观审慎政策之间的潜在冲突和协调机制。国际文献的初步结论是,为了同时实现价格稳定和金融稳定目标,大部分情况下需要货币政策与宏观审慎政策反向操作(由于政策的替代性),但有时也需要两者同向操作(由于政策的互补性),最优政策组合取决于宏观冲击的类别和风险的来源。本文认为,选择最优组合是一个复杂的理论和实证问题,除了冲击类别和风险来源外,不同的金融体制和经济周期阶段也会影响选择结果。因此,货币政策当局与宏观审慎当局之间需要建立有效的协调机制,并加强对货币政策和宏观审慎政策“溢出效应”的分析能力。基于上述理论,针对我国“双支柱”决策的现状和问题提出如下改革建议:一是从法律上明确中央银行的金融稳定职责。二是建立在同一框架内分析货币政策与宏观审慎政策的方法和工具。三是将金融监管部门的主要宏观审慎政策决策权集中至中央银行。四是建立货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调流程与机制。     

对货币政策和宏观审慎政策双支柱调控框架内在逻辑的思考

本轮国际金融危机以来,金融稳定在中央银行政策目标中的重要性再次得到强化。随着具有顺周期波动特征的金融市场和金融资产规模显著增大,金融管理政策需要更加关注金融稳定和系统性风险问题,货币稳定和金融稳定“双目标”的重要性凸显出来。政策目标的变化相应要求优化和完善政策工具箱,需要健全宏观审慎政策框架作为应对系统性风险的工具,并与货币政策相互配合,形成由货币政策和宏观审慎政策“双支柱”支撑起“双目标”的基本框架,共同维护好货币稳定和金融稳定。在此框架中,货币政策和宏观审慎政策都不可或缺,须相互补充,形成合力,产生“一加一大于二”的政策效应增进效果。健全货币政策和宏观审慎政策双支柱调控框架,有利于把经济周期和金融周期更好地结合起来,把维护经济稳定与促进金融稳定更好地结合起来。下一阶段应进一步健全宏观审慎政策框架,并完善货币政策和宏观审慎政策协调配合的体制机制。     

The impact of Basel III on financial (in)stability: an agent-based credit network approach

The Basel III accord reacts to the events of the recent financial crisis with a combination of revised micro- and new macroprudential regulatory instruments to address various dimensions of systemic risk. This approach of cumulating requirements bears the risk of individual measures negating or even conflicting with each other which might lessen their desired effects on financial stability. We provide an analysis of the impact of Basel III’s main components on financial stability in a stock-flow consistent agent-based computational economic model. We find that the positive joint impact of the microprudential instruments is considerably larger than the sum of the individual contributions to stability, i.e. the standalone impacts are non-additive. However, except for the buffers, the macroprudential overlay’s impact is either marginal or even destabilizing. Despite its simplicity, the leverage ratio performs poorly, especially when associated drawbacks are explicitly taken into account. Surcharges on SIBs seem to rather contribute to financial regulations complexity than to the resilience of the system.     

The application of visual analytics to financial stability monitoring

This paper provides an overview of visual analytics—the science of analytical reasoning enhanced by interactive visualizations tightly coupled with data analytics software—and discusses its potential benefits in monitoring systemic financial stability. The core strength of visual analytics is to combine visualization's high-bandwidth information channel to the human analyst with the flexibility and power of rapid-iteration analytics. This combination is especially valuable in the context of macroprudential supervision, which is increasingly dominated by large volumes of dynamic and heterogeneous data. Our contribution is to describe and categorize the analytical challenges faced by macroprudential supervisors, and to indicate where and how visual analytics can increase supervisors’ comprehension of the data stream, helping to transform it into actionable knowledge to support informed decision- and policy-making. The paper concludes with suggestions for a research agenda.     

Managing price and financial stability objectives in inflation targeting economies in Asia and the Pacific

Many central banks have adopted explicit objectives for financial stability, raising the possibility of trade-offs between price and financial stability objectives. Based on structural vector autoregressions that incorporate both monetary and macroprudential policy shocks for four inflation targeting economies in Asia and the Pacific, we analyse the role of each policy shock in explaining deviations from the other policy’s objective, by applying historical decompositions. The macroprudential measures used in the study affect credit extended to the private sector. We find that there are periods when macroprudential policy shocks have contributed to pushing inflation away from the central bank’s inflation target and when monetary policy shocks have contributed to buoyant credit, suggesting that there have been short-term trade-offs between price and financial stability objectives. However, we also find periods when macroprudential policy shocks helped stabilise inflation and monetary policy shocks contributed to financial stability.     

Macroprudential policies and bank competition: International bank-level evidence

The paper analyzes the effect of changes in eight types of bank-oriented macroprudential policies on bank competition and stability. Using a bank-level database of a maximum of 2511 listed banks from 52 countries, I find that a tightening in bank-oriented macroprudential policies on average increases both bank competition and stability. However, there are differences across policies and countries. Loan supply and liquidity-based policies increase bank competition whereas capital and tax-based policies reduce bank competition. Tighter legal restrictions on entry and activity in a country reduce the positive (increase the negative) effect of macroprudential policies on bank competition. In terms of policy implications, I identify a sub-set of especially useful macroprudential policies that increase not only financial stability but also bank competition.     

Benchmarking macroprudential policies: An initial assessment

In recognition of the severe consequences of the recent international financial crisis, the topic of macroprudential policy has elicited considerable research effort. The present study constructs, for 46 economies around the globe, an index of the capacity to deploy macroprudential policies. Building on elements that have been the subject of recent research, we develop an index that aims to represent the essence of what constitutes a macroprudential regime. Specifically, the index quantifies: (1) how existing macroprudential frameworks are organized; and (2) how far a particular jurisdiction is from reaching the goals established by the Group of Twenty (G20) and the Financial Stability Board (FSB). The latter is a benchmark that has not been considered in the burgeoning literature that seeks to quantify the role of macroprudential policies.