技术许可中道德风险问题的价格契约治理机制研究

本文利用现代契约经济学基本理论，对同一技术条件下、由技术使用者替代性投入行为而产生的道德风险问题的价格契约治理机制进行了分析。分析结果表明，技术所有者总可以设计一种分离价格契约治理道德风险问题，其中，对自己偏好的高成本投入行为采用纯固定费用，而对低成本投入行为采用“固定费用＋提成费”。本文进一步认为，价格契约中提成费比率对成本效率较高的投入行为所造成的扭曲程度，要大干成本效率较低的投入行为。     

道德风险条件下高校产学研合作中价格契约研究

利用技术许可中价格契约的基本理论,对高校产学研合作中存在于企业的道德风险问题的价格契约治理机制进行了分析。分析结果表明,在产学研合作中,当企业存在道德风险问题时,一个次优产学研合作的价格契约是一个纯固定费用的价格契约;同时,高校为了对企业进行有效激励,将对企业进行一定的信息租的转移。     

技术创新中前置型技术授权的中介引入决策问题

在技术创新中,前置型技术授权的对价支付最迟在技术转移过程完成后即需结清,此时尚无法确认引进技术的价值,因此买方对技术目标的选择具有风险性。买方在选择技术目标时可以借助技术中介的力量,研究在何种情况下引入中介对买方有利。将买方自行搜寻技术目标的成本和买方支付的中介费用的绝对值转化成创新成本降幅的一定比例,当契约价格条款中存在可变费用成分时,这两个比例和可能存在的固定费用成分共同作为决策因素;当契约价格条款中不存在可变费用成分时,算术平均意义下的搜寻成本和中介费用绝对值以及反映有无中介情况下买方在技术转移过程中努力水平差异的投入增加额共同成为决策因素。     

道德风险和多产出条件下技术许可中的技术定价机制

利用现代契约经济学的分析方法,从机制设计的角度,分析了道德风险和多种产出条件下技术许可中的技术定价机制。得出如下结论:当道德风险存在于技术使用者一方时,技术所有者采用纯固定费用的技术定价形式;在道德风险和多种产出的条件下,技术所有者确定的固定价格随着似然率的增大而减小,如果似然率具有单调似然率的特点,那么技术所有者确定的固定价格是技术产品产出或其状态的单调递减函数。     

交易费用与企业所有权分配合约的选择

企业所有权分配是一个动态的谈判过程,它与制度环境和当事人的谈判力有关。一个契约安排要实现公平与效率的统一,必须确保充分的契约自由。企业所有权分配可以表达为不同类型契约的选择,它主要考虑交易费用的大小。本文把交易费用分解为契约费用和监督费用,均衡的契约安排是权衡这两种交易费用的结果,目的是最大限度地节约交易费用。针对不同的交易技术结构,对简单交易来说,单边治理合约是相对有效的;而对复杂交易来说,共同治理合约可能更有效。进一步考虑契约的产出效应,共同治理合约能带来更高的交易效率     

公司治理道德风险的起源及其机制设计——基于契约不完全的视角

公司治理契约的不完全性诱发了委托代理关系中的当事人道德风险行为,制约着企业经营效率,成为公司治理研究的逻辑起点。文章从契约不完全性视角探讨了公司治理道德风险的本质和起源,并从公司治理当事人委托代理交互关系中指出了委托人-代理人框架、委托人-监督人-代理人框架、知情委托人框架三类道德风险分析框架。结合公司治理道德风险的本源,从微观视角提出了偏好治理机制、声誉治理机制、信息共享机制、横向监督机制以及第三方执行机制五种由弱到强、由内到外的道德风险多层次治理机制,结合国内外研究现状分析了五种治理机制的作用机理。最后,对五种治理机制在公司治理道德风险中的规制效能进行了总结并从外部竞争对内部机制的影响上提出了未来的研究方向。     

竞争、偏好与信贷契约治理效率——基于比较制度实验的研究

偏好机制作为规制道德风险行为的基础制度安排,受到了信贷契约所处竞争态势的影响,两者共同决定了信贷契约的治理效率。本文采用比较制度实验方法,研究了对称市场、买方竞争和卖方竞争三种信贷市场中偏好机制的治理效率,对比分析了三种竞争状态下的市场绩效和收益分布,研究结果表明:买方竞争强化了偏好机制的治理效能,卖方竞争削弱了偏好机制的治理效能;信贷契约治理效率随时间逐渐降低,对称市场的签约比率下降最快,卖方竞争市场的守约比率下降最快;买方竞争市场的平均绩效最高,卖方竞争市场的最低;买方竞争市场的投资者占有了较大比例的交易剩余;卖方竞争市场的企业家占有了较大比例的交易剩余。     

质量机会主义及制度契约安排

在交易中,质量具有的难表达性、难测量性、难协调性可能导致质量机会主义行为,基此必须进行相应的制度契约安排,本文尝试建立这些制度契约安排的分析框架,而这些制度契约安排的成本构成了基于质量的交易费用。     

股权结构、会计稳健性与资本投资效率研究综述

公司的股权结构引发利益相关者间的委托代理问题和信息不对称问题,从而导致公司的非效率投资行为,而会计稳健性作为一种协调公司契约各方利益冲突的机制,它能有效降低契约各方的代理成本,在中国资本市场中提高会计稳健性有其现实意义,并且应充分体现会计稳健性的治理价值。     

第三方治理下基金管理人道德风险行为分析

证券投资基金治理的核心问题就是消除基金管理人的道德风险行为,但我国内部治理与外部治理均不能消除基金管理人的道德风险行为。文章通过对内部治理、外部治理及第三方治理现行体系的弊端分析,为我国构建一个有效的第三方治理体系,从而减少基金管理人道德风险行为的作用。     

弹性分成：分税制的契约与影响

本文从契约角度分析分税制的性质,并用统一的框架解释了分税制的正反两方面作用。研究认为：中国的分税制本质上是一个弹性的分成合同系统。它是中央政府与地方政府关于剩余分配的各种子契约的组合。这些子契约可归为四种基本形式--工资合同、定额合同、分税合同和分成合同,并且它们之间具有很强的互补性,由此构成了一个富有弹性的分成合同系统。在信息不对称的条件下,这个激励系统能够激励地方政府发展经济,但是易扭曲地方政府行为,促使经济重复建设和粗放型增长模式的形成。     

报童投资组合模型中的批发价契约设计

当风险规避型报童的订货资金有限,却有多种产品可供订购时,供应商需要设计恰当的契约,以引导报童的订货行为,实现最大化自身收益的目的。针对上述问题,本文运用投资组合理论处理报童的决策问题;在此基础上建立了供应商与报童之间的博弈模型,设计了求解最优批发价契约的算法;通过数值算例,说明了最优契约的求解过程。结果表明,与未经优化而随机选择的契约相比,基于该算法求得的契约显著提升了供应商的期望收益。     

Crude Oil Futures as an Indicator of Market Changes: A Graphical Analysis

This study investigates the changing relationship between price and volume traded of short- and long-maturity NYMEX light sweet crude oil futures contracts and major changes in the physical crude oil market during the last decade. Monthly series for the #1-month to 84-month out maturity contracts are generated from daily price and volume data for NYMEX West Texas Intermediate (WTI) futures contracts for the period from January 2000 to the middle of 2009. 3-D graphical analysis of the futures prices, contract volumes, maturity dates, and time is used to demonstrate the changing trading volume pattern and evolution of the shape of futures price term structure across various contract maturities in different market regimes. The study observes the impacts of both May 2004, when excess production capacity reached nearly zero, and September 2006, when electronic trading was implemented on the NYMEX WTI futures markets. This analysis will be used to determine if futures contract information can provide an early indication of market regime shifts and improve short-run crude oil spot price forecast models.     

BOT projects: Incentives and efficiency

In recent years, governments have been increasingly adopting Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts for large infrastructure projects. However, BOT contracts have received little attention from economists. The apparent agency problem in BOT projects has never been analyzed. In this paper, we develop a model to examine the incentives, efficiency and regulation in BOT contracts. We show that a BOT contract with a price regulation during the concession period and a license extension after the concession period is capable of achieving full efficiency. Both license extension and price control are observed in many real-world BOT projects. We also investigate the efficiency in such contracts by considering other factors, including time consistency, price ceiling, foreign ownership, and the lack of price regulation.     

Contracts without memory in multiperiod agency models

Settings are considered in which optimal multiperiod contracts can have no memory, i.e., where second period payments do not need to depend on first period outcomes. If contracts have no memory, a repeated agency game can be played myopically; there are no gains to long-term relationships. Conditions on preferences for a no memory contract are presented. In an agency game with moral hazard on the act selection, preference separability and domain additivity imply the existence of a no memory contract. In a setting without moral hazard but with asymmetric information on the outcome, domain additivity implies no memory.     

Incentive Contracts for Natura 2000 Implementation in Forest Areas

The implementation of nature conservation policy is often based on contracts between public authorities and landowners. In this article, we model incentive contracts in forest areas in the presence of adverse selection and moral hazard when the conservation outcome is uncertain ex ante but observable ex post. The results show that agents who are likely to achieve a higher level of conservation should be offered a contract where transfers depend on the final outcome, with a bonus for a high ecological level of the forest. When conservation measures are correlated with forest management, we show that the contractual measures involve distorted transfers. We analyse the payment mechanisms used in France and Denmark in the context of the Natura 2000 policy. These mechanisms result in overcompensation and under-performance since they do not take the problem of moral hazard and natural variability into account.     

Exclusion via Non‐Exclusive Contracts

We establish that non‐linear vertical contracts can allow an incumbent to exclude an upstream rival in a setting that does not rely on the exclusivity of the incumbent's contracts with downstream firms or any limits on distribution channels available to the incumbent or rival. The optimal contract we describe is a three‐part quantity discounting contract that involves the payment of an allowance to a downstream distributor and a marginal wholesale price below the incumbent's marginal cost for sufficiently large quantities. The optimal contract is robust to allowing parties to renegotiate contracts in case of entry.     

Endogenous Choice of Strategic Contracts in a Mixed Duopoly with Bargaining Over Managerial Delegation Contracts

We revisit the endogenous choice problem of strategic contracts for the public firm and the private firm in a managerial mixed duopoly with differentiated goods. We consider the situation wherein the managerial delegation contracts are determined by maximising social welfare within the public firm, which is equal to the objective function of its owner, and through bargaining over the content of managerial delegation contracts between the owner and manager within the private firm. We show that, in equilibrium, when the manager of the private firm has high bargaining power relative to that of the owner, the public firm chooses a price contract, while the private firm chooses a quantity contract. However, there is no equilibrium market structure under the pure strategic contract class when the manager has sufficiently low bargaining power relative to that of the owner.