啤酒中微生物的卫生检查与结果分析

为了促进食品工业的健康发展,确保食品的卫生,维护食品安全。我国专门颁布了《中华人民共和国卫生法》,通过法律手段规范食品生产企业的生产行为,并针对食品相关指标制定了中华人民共和国国家标准。本文依据其中啤酒卫生标准中微生物部分,并通过实验检测啤酒中的菌落总数、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;对卫生检查结果进行比较分析。     

PCR方法检测志贺氏菌的研究

建立一种快速检测志贺氏菌PCR检测方法.根据志贺氏菌的侵袭性质粒抗原(ipaH)基因序列,设计引物,建立PCR检测方法.本方法特异性高,均能检测出志贺氏菌属的4个种,整个实验过程8～10h完成.建立的方法可用与实际检测中.     

出口调味粉中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离与鉴定

从某出口调味粉内分离到1株葡萄球菌，经分离培养、革兰氏染色、血浆凝固酶试验鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌。该菌在Baird-Parker平板上能产生典型不透明沉淀环,革兰氏染色阳性球菌，凝固酶试验为阳性。     

森林食品出口的风险分析与防范——以云南野生菌为例

我国森林食品出口面临各类风险,本文以云南野生菌为例,具体分析了森林食品在出口中存在的政府政策风险、宏观经济风险、竞争风险、产品市场风险和资源安全风险等关键性风险,构建了我国森林食品出口风险防范机制并提出具体的防范策略。     

提前介入超前服务——襄樊检验检疫局为新建出口农副产品企业服务二三事

近年来，襄樊市通过调整农业产业结构，大力发展外向型农业，取得了明显的成效。湖北新丰粮油土特产品公司，宜城凌飞菌业公司，襄樊鑫实食品公司，宜城鑫牛公司等20余家出口食品、动植物产品生产加工企业相继建成投产，年出口食用菌、芝麻及制品，供港活牛、中药材等各类农副产品货值近3000万美元。今年以来又成立了宜城天宜食品公司，襄樊非凡工艺品公司，襄阳三农公司等出口企业，湖北金利实业有限     

2010—2016年杭州萧山国际机场航空食品卫生检测分析

目的:了解杭州萧山国际机场2010—2016年航空食品微生物检验情况,掌握杭州萧山国际机场航空食品卫生现状.方法:对萧山国际机场内两家航空公司生产的不同类型航空食品进行微生物检测,项目包括:细菌总数、大肠菌群、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌、霉菌和酵母.收集2010—2016年杭州萧山国际机场航空食品微生物检验结果进行统计分析,并比较不同航空食品公司、不同类别样本、不同季节产品的合格率,进行分析汇总.结果:2010—2016年共对631份航空样品进行了微生物检验,航食企业A平均合格率为95.58%,航食企业B平均合格率为86.31%;热食米饭类样本合格率为94.10%,热食面类样本合格率为81.08%,冷荤类样本合格率为88.16%,糕点类样本合格率为90.00%,汤粥类样本合格率为100.00%;1-3月样本合格率为94.83%,4-6月样本合格率为90.06%,7-9月样本合格率为83.58%,10-12月样本合格率为93.83%.不合格项目包括26份样本细菌总数超标,40份样本大肠菌群超标.结论:杭州萧山国际机场航空食品微生物检验结果总体良好,但仍存在细菌总数和大肠菌群超标现象,面食类与冷荤类样品的合格率明显低于其他类型食品,因此应加强对相关产品的监督管理.     

食品农产品可申请出口免验

记者从广东检验检疫局获悉，日前，国家质检总局发布2006年第150号公告，将自公告之日起，对优质出口食品、农产品试行免验制度。出口食品、农产品的生产企业可提出免验申请，申请出口免验的生产企业及其生产的食品、农产品应当符合五个基本条件。获得免验资格的出口食品、农产品企业，在免验有效期内，出入境检验检疫机构对其实施免验管理。     

把好“五关”构筑出口食品安全防线

为保证出口食品的安全卫生,我国对所有出口食品生产企业实施卫生注册登记管理制度。通过该制度的实施,培育和筛选了一批优质的、具备出口条件的食品生产加工企业,这些企业基本建立了一整套以“预防为主、源头监管、全过程控制”的“从农田到餐桌”的出口食品安全监管体系,引领了我国食品安全卫生管理与世界先进水平接轨,保证了我国出口食品的安全卫生,     

食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的检验探讨

本文概述了食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的检验方法,并对增菌、二次增菌、分离培养和生化实验的注意事项提出见解,为准确地检验食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌提供参考。     

从出口看食品安全与技术性贸易壁垒影响的思考

食品安全不仅直接关系到消费者的身体健康,而且影响食品生产企业尤其是食品出口企业的生存和发展。我国是食品出口大国,但由于在食品安全方面还存在一定隐患,食品技术法规和标准与国际上许多国家还存在一定差距,致使我国食品的出口频频遭遇技术性贸易壁垒的限制,给我国食品贸易造成巨大损失,严重影响了我国食品行业的发展。针对上述问题,就如何提高食品安全性,使食品安全进一步适应社会发展、冲破壁垒的束缚,本文从四个方面进行了探讨,希望能对我国食品安全和食品出口贸易有一定的借鉴作用。     

副溶血性弧菌REP-PCR分型研究

[目的]了解食品中分离的副溶血性弧菌REP-PCR分子型别,探讨DiversiLab系统对副溶血性弧菌的分型能力。[方法]采用以REP-PCR为原理的DiversiLab系统对食品中分离的21株副溶血性弧菌进行分子分型,分析菌株之间的相关性,并与PFGE分型结果比较。[结果]DiversiLab将21株副溶血性弧菌分成16个群,菌株之间的相似度64.5%-99.1%,分离自相同食品中的副溶血性弧菌在REP-PCR聚类图中分在同一个群;7株副溶血性弧菌PFGE分型结果产生7种不同的PFGE型别,菌株之间不相关,在REP-PCR聚类图中分在7个不同的群中。[结论]食品中分离的副溶血性弧菌REP-PCR型别分散,未表现出地区特异性;DiversiLab简便、快速、分辨率高,可应用于副溶血性弧菌的快速分型和溯源。     

进口红葡萄酒中病原微生物的检测

采用GB4789.2-2010进行菌落总数的测定,将菌落总数超标的菌落接种至营养肉汤进行增菌,接种选择性平板后挑取可疑菌落按VITEK操作手册对病原微生物进行鉴定。结果表明：从进口红葡萄酒中检出粪肠球菌和尿放线杆菌。因此,检验检疫机构在日常工作中应充分重视对低风险进口食品的检验把关,保证进口产品的质量安全,保护消费者健康。     

十二种食源性致病菌可见光基因芯片检测方法的建立

[目的]利用可见光基因芯片技术,针对12种常见食源性致病菌,建立快速、准确、高通量的诊断方法。[方法]设计靶细菌16S rDNA和23S rDNA的通用引物,反向引物5’端标记生物素;特异寡核苷酸探针设计在两对引物之间的可变区,5’端标记氨基基团。将探针点样于固相载体制备基因芯片,优化PCR反应体系后,PCR产物与芯片点制探针区域进行杂交,然后通过化学显色直接观察结果,并评价反应体系的特异性、灵敏度、重复性等指标。收集临床样本28例,同时制备双盲模拟污染样本10例,对检测方法进一步评价。[结果]：本试验所建立的基因芯片方法可同时检测志贺菌、耶尔森氏菌、沙门菌、腊样芽孢杆菌、空肠弯曲菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、霍乱弧菌、副溶血性弧菌、单增李氏菌、布鲁氏菌、变形杆菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌O157：H7等12种食源性致病菌,特异性高,操作简便;针对纯培养食源性致病菌反应体系的灵敏度为10^3cfu/mL,模拟样本的灵敏度为10^4cfu/mL;重复性好;采用可见光基因芯片方法检测28例临床样本,26例与常规培养方法结果完全一致,符合率达到92.9%;双盲模拟样本的检测符合率达到100%。     

Paradox,performance and food: managing difference in the construction of femininity

This paper explores the personal and interpersonal complexities of women's food-related behaviours. Drawing from the postmodern concept of paradoxical juxtapositions, the authors examine women's discourses around food, cooking and eating to discuss the embedded negotiations of tensions arising from maintaining hetero-normative femininities while accounting for their own personal and social subjectivities. Data were collected through a series of semi-structured interviews with 45 women. Moving across the analyses, identity complexity plays out for women through the simultaneous presence of strain and gratification in their performance as “caregivers” and an ongoing dialectic of ascetism/discipline and hedonism/transgression in their food-lives. We argue women work to construct desirable experiences and self-identifications from balancing an assemblage of constituent food behaviours across different settings. Our analysis highlights the continuing presence of postmodern paradox as an important theoretical consideration and contributes to our understanding of how femininity is skilfully performed through the management of difference.     

Expenditure patterns on food and non food items of Khayelitsha households,Western Cape,South Africa

Food insecurity or lack of access to adequate and nutritious food is a major determinant of under‐nutrition. Expenditure patterns accompanied by unemployment, low level of education, inflation and high food prices have a direct negative impact on food availability within households (Moller, 1997). Ghany and Schwenk (1993) found that as household income increases, the proportion of expenditures on food decreases, the proportion of expenditures on clothing, rent, fuel, and light stayed the same and that of sundries increased. The aim of this study was to investigate household expenditure patterns on food and non‐food items in Khayelitsha. A total of 20 households (10 from the formal and 10 from the informal settlements) were randomly selected from those willing to participate in the study. A questionnaire with open ended and closed questions was used to collect data. The questionnaire comprised four sections namely: biographical information, socio‐economic information which used wealth quintiles to assess households’ social economic status, total expenditure information and a food/hunger scale was used to assess households’ food availability. The findings revealed that households from informal settlements spent more money (62.2%) as a proportion of their income on food compared to households from the formal settlement (39%). There was higher unemployment rate (100%) at the informal settlement compared to the formal settlement (40%). Wealth quintiles scales did not reflect the social status of the households as equipment and assets owned by households were only used as fallback position during times of economic hardships. Households used different purchasing strategies; food and non‐food items were mainly purchased from outside the township (60%). Forty percent of the households bought their items from local shops and spazas because they allowed them to buy items whenever little money was available or to take items on credit. All the respondents preferred to buy bread and small items from spazas and local shops. Prices of items in the spazas and local shops were higher compared to prices of items in bigger shops outside the townships. The food/hunger scale and wealth quintiles showed that informal settlement households were more food insecure (as they were all unemployed and about 50% of the households ran out of food always) and had fewer assets compared to the formal settlement households. The implications of these findings underscore the need to improve socio‐economic conditions of low resource households through empowerment programs. These programs can be in the form of training in management/decision making, work related skills/literacy (to help them access formal employment), business management/income generation skills (to help them to be self‐employed), budgeting, and food gardening. This approach can help to increase the resource base and alleviate food insecurity in low resource households.     

The effects of role strain on the consumer decision process for groceries in single-parent households

Single-parent families are becoming a larger part of American society. But what is known about their decision-making processes? Role strain is of particular interest when studying single parents because of their need to serve multiple family roles otherwise carried out by dual-parent families. In this study, the consumer decision process for single parents is empirically examined in the context of grocery shopping. Role strain was found to have a significant effect on problem recognition style and reactive shopping behaviors. Advertising positively influenced proactive shopping behaviors and had a negative relationship with reactive shopping behaviors. Implications for food retailers are provided.     

Studying food tastes among young adults using Bourdieu's theory

The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between social position and food tastes. The empirical data stem from a survey carried out in 1991 on 703 people aged 23–26 years. Bourdieu's theory of the relationship between social position and consumption was used as a theoretical framework. Bourdieu attacks the position often expressed by economists that consumers are similar in most respects except for their economic capital. He introduced the concept ‘cultural capital’ when describing different consumption practices and emphasizes the relationship between gender and food tastes. The social position variables in this study include economic and cultural capital, and gender. Participants were asked to evaluate exotic, healthy, filling, inexpensive and traditional food. Two dimensions of food orientations were observed: food as form and food as function. Economic capital was of importance concerning the costs of food and its filling functions. Groups rich in cultural capital were more interested in healthy and exotic food and less interested in filling food than those possessing less cultural capital. Women were more concerned about healthy food than men. Cultural capital had an independent effect when economic capital was constant.     

Rural families food intake behaviour in relation to livelihood diversification,income differences and family size

The livelihood diversification significantly contributes to the family income having effect on food varieties' consumption in rural families of different sizes. This study investigated the food intake differences among rural families considering different income levels and family sizes. Moreover, barriers faced by the rural families to increase the consumption of food varieties were also analysed. A total of 200 rural families were selected through multistage purposive and random sampling techniques in the Punjab province of Pakistan and were directly interviewed and categorized first into low and high livelihood diversified families. The food groups were derived by assigning individual food to conventional food group taxonomies, and two‐way ANOVA (4 (income groups) × 3 (family size groups) was separately conducted for low and high livelihood diversified families. The income instability, prices of food items, market distance and storage were perceived as barriers for increasing food consumption. The high livelihood diversified families significantly and regularly consumed more food items than low diversified families. The rural households both in low and high livelihood diversified family categories having low income and high family size consumed less expensive food items. The regular consumption of fruits, bakery products, and livestock and dairy items was greatly associated with high income and small family size. One of the most remarkable findings of the multivariate multiple regression model was the households belonging to the lowest income group were significantly lowering the consumption of livestock and dairy food items as the family size increased from small to large family size. The interaction effect was highly associated with per capita income because the consumption of food items increased with the rise in income irrespective of the family size. However, family size groups showed different patterns of food intakes with different income levels. Government agencies should assist rural households to diversify their income portfolios for better nutrition.     

Safety of the U.S. food supply: consumer concerns and behaviour

To examine consumer concern about food safety, identify characteristics of those most concerned, and determine behavioural responses to concerns, we used mailed questionnaires to survey a random sample of 630 adults. Eighty-eight percent of respondents were very or somewhat concerned about safety of the food supply. Subjects perceived greatest likelihood of harm from chemicals and lowest likelihood of harm from bacterial contamination. Relative to other concerns about food such as cost or taste, food safety ranked low. Because the concern was across all ages, education levels, genders, and places of residence, we were unable to define a type of person most likely to be concerned about food safety. Less than half the subjects had changed dietary behaviour in response to food safety concerns. Foods reduced or eliminated from the diet most often were meats, fruits, eggs and vegetables. The findings indicate that consumers need risk assessment education and help in making food choices that do not compromise diet quality.