时变弹性生产函数生产率分解公式及其政策含义

本文基于时变弹性生产函数,推导出经济增长来源于资本、劳动力、中性技术进步和偏向性技术进步贡献度之和;索洛余值在数值上等于中性技术进步贡献度与偏向性技术进步贡献度之和,也等于资本生产增长率与劳动生产增长率的加权和,其权数分别为资本和劳动时变产出弹性。研究认为,提高劳动收入份额,有利于促进经济向集约型发展方式转变。     

资本积累对中国经济增长的重要性改变了吗?

本文比较分析1980—2011年20国集团（G20）各国的资本边际产出情况,发现中低收入国家的资本积累较高收入国家往往是有效率的,资本积累的过程很有可能就相伴着技术进步,因为新资本中往往蕴含着新技术。中国的资本边际产出在这些国家中处于相对较高的水平,并且表现出长期稳定向上的趋势,没有出现明显的资本边际产出递减趋势。这意味着中国在资本快速积累的同时存在较快的技术进步和效率改善,中国离稳态资本水平的距离还很远,投资驱动增长仍具有很大的空间甚至是必要性,资本积累仍是中国经济增长的中心任务。     

中国要素价格扭曲程度的测度

要素价格扭曲是指生产要素的价格结构不能准确反映资源的相对丰裕程度。通过测算每种要素边际产出与实际价格的对比,可以直接测度要素价格的扭曲程度。通过对比分析测度中国要素价格扭曲的研究成果,找出造成结果差异的主要原因,并建立时变弹性生产函数模型测度中国整体经济要素价格的扭曲程度。结果表明：我国要素份额在长期内具有相对的稳定性,资本和劳动要素价格均存在负向扭曲,且大多数时期内,资本的扭曲程度比劳动的扭曲程度高。     

中国可变参数的总量生产函数研究

本文以新古典生产函数为基础,将全要素生产率、资本和劳动产出弹性看做可变参数,利用中国省际面板数据,选取改革开放后的三个跨时期为样本区间,建立了三个跨时期可变参数总量生产函数模型。结果表明要素产出弹性参数和全要素生产率参数是随时间而变化的,而且生产技术处于规模报酬递增状态。并且未来10年的变动趋势表明资本产出弹性趋向减小,而劳动产出弹性趋向增大。整体反映出我国经济增长方式的转变趋势。     

政府技术标准规制对经济增长的实证研究

本文考察国家标准组织制定的标准(GB)与我国经济发展之间的关系,通过估计1979～1996年之间"投入"应用于经济活动的GB目录总量,从而度量GB的"产出",由此对我国经济增长的生产函数给出估计。在一个所谓的协整框架的基础上,发现劳动生产率、资本与劳动力投入比率以及内生性技术进步GB目录之间构成了一个具有统计显著性的惟一的协整向量。加入技术标准对经济增长贡献的技术进步因素后,从1979～1996年的"节约劳动型技术进步"经由"中性技术进步"逐步转向1990～2006年"节约资本型技术进步";并且技术标准的产出弹性增长较大。这显示技术标准对技术进步的作用在所有样本点上是不相同的。     

结构变动、要素产出弹性与中国潜在经济增长率

构建了一个结构型时变弹性生产函数,将劳动投入结构、资本投入结构和人力资本结构纳入经济增长分析框架,运用1997-2012的省级面板数据估计了这一时期要素产出弹性的动态特征,并估算出中国潜在经济增长率的变化。研究结果表明：近年来潜在增长率下降,主要由资本存量增速下降所导致,但人力资本结构升级减缓了这一趋势。近10年来实际增长率变化主要是受潜在增长率变化影响,2010年以来的经济增速减缓,是由于潜在增长率下降导致,未来政策重心应当从需求管理过度到供给管理,着力开发经济增长的潜力,保证经济增长的可持续性。     

中国经济增长长期趋势的实时估算与贡献分解——兼论中高速阶段稳态的形成与识别

研究目标:动态测度中国经济增长的长期趋势。研究方法:构建非齐头时变混频动态因子模型估计中国经济增长的长期趋势，采用时变方差分解测算各要素对经济增长长期趋势的贡献。研究发现:中国经济增长趋势早已于2007年就步入了下行区间，而在2016年后它的主体态势开始从持续下行转向渐趋稳定；人口红利和技术红利的协同消退主导了本轮经济增长的趋势下行，而资本深化的相对稳定则为中高速增长提供了趋势动能；目前经济增长趋势已正式步入劳动投入渐趋稳定、技术增长渐趋稳定和资本深化渐趋稳定的三重稳定阶段，这说明由新冠肺炎疫情等局部冲击引致的经济增长率下行仅是短期现象，并不会轻易破坏中高速阶段稳态的趋势基础。研究创新:将时变要素和非齐头数据纳入混频动态因子模型，提高了模型处理非规则数据的能力。研究价值:充分肯定了当下的经济波动更多是源于暂时性冲击，而中高速增长具备扎实的趋势基础。     

能源对中国工业化时期经济增长的贡献分析

本文构建了包含能源的三要素经济增长核算模型,估算了1952~2012年及不同阶段能源等要素的产出弹性,能源等要素和技术进步对我国工业化时期经济增长的贡献。研究表明：能源产出弹性和能源对经济增长的贡献率仅次于资本,远高于劳动力要素;两要素经济增长核算模型中劳动和资本的产出弹性及对经济增长的贡献,相当部分应归功于能源,能源消费增长在一定程度上是技术进步的体现;包含能源要素的经济增长核算,能更好地揭示经济增长的源泉,反映不同阶段工业化程度和社会经济体制变化。     

中国劳动生产率增长动能转换与机制创新研究

从三次产业、产业劳动生产率和劳动力配置结构、变迁动能等3个维度,采取指数分析、对数分析和分段回归分析相结合,对1980~2014年中国劳动生产率增长的源泉和动能进行实证分析。研究结果表明,在整体劳动生产率年均增长中,第三产业贡献度48.4%,第二产业贡献度43.5%,第一产业贡献度8.1%;产业劳动生产率贡献度占79.6%,产业劳动力配置结构贡献度20.4%;劳均设备资本贡献度85.7%,劳动力质量贡献度28.3%,产业资本配置结构贡献度-6.7%,人口就业率贡献度-3.0%,消费与产出成长指数之比则基本零贡献。中国劳动生产率的动能转换与机制创新的主要方向和着力点,在于强势推进产能转型升级、居民增收扩消、劳动扩量提质、资本深化量质并举、工业经济强身健体、新型城镇化改革和要素配置优化调整。     

消费率稳态、演进及中国经济持续均衡增长的现实选择——基于R-C-K模型的分析框架

本文在R-C-K模型的分析框架下构建稳态消费率决定模型,进而分析中国经济发展过程中的消费率演进及与经济增长关系.主要研究结论有:(1)均衡增长路径上的稳态消费率是最优消费率,由个人主观时间贴现率、相对风险厌恶系数、资本产出弹性、技术进步率、折旧率和劳动增长率等因素所决定;(2)随着工业化进程推进,稳态消费率呈现出先变小再变大的U型曲线演进趋势,实际经济生活中的消费率围绕稳态消费率上下波动;(3)1978年以来,中国经济增长绩效较好,消费率演进并无异常,符合经济发展工业化初中期阶段消费率演进的一般规律,但2001年后,消费率快速下降并大幅偏离稳态消费率,一定程度上降低了经济增长的内生性,进而影响到中国经济的持续均衡增长.根据经济发展的一般规律,提倡再度和适度工业化,通过优化产业结构鼓励发展现代服务业和完善社会保障制度、缩小收入差距等手段扩大消费需求对经济增长的贡献程度刻不容缓.     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.