京津冀国土空间格局演变及其驱动因素的区域差异性研究

研究目的：识别京津冀地区不同经济发展梯度下国土空间格局演变的时空特征及驱动因素,对于优化国土空间资源配置和实现国土空间高质量发展具有重要意义。研究方法：ArcGIS空间分析,面板数据固定效应模型。研究结果：（1）中低发展水平区域的城镇空间持续扩张,农业空间连续收缩;高发展水平区域的农业空间持续减少,城镇空间在2010年之后出现负增长。中高发展水平区域的生态空间在2010年之后开始正向增加。（2）国土空间结构转化的共同特征是农业生产空间向农村生活空间和城镇空间的流入,不同之处在于低发展水平区域的水域生态空间流出多于流入,在中高发展水平区域则相反。（3）城镇、农业和生态空间的分布均为东北—西南方向,但三者空间重心的移动方向各不相同。城镇空间的核密度测算高值由中部向多核扩散转变,农业空间核密度测算值呈现“一横一纵”两条高密度带,生态空间核密度测算高值主要分布在冀北和冀西南。（4）人均GDP和公路里程是国土空间格局变化的主要驱动因素,影响强度因区域经济发展水平的不同存在明显的差异。研究结论：京津冀应充分考虑区域经济发展水平的差异性,结合空间规划目标,对国土空间分类管理;重视经济发展和交通设施对国土空间格局的影响,以实现资源优化配置。     

京津冀城市群县域城市土地利用效率时空格局及驱动因素

研究目的：探索京津冀城市群县域城市土地利用效率时空格局与驱动因素机理。研究方法：DEA模型、变异系数、探索性空间数据分析与Tobit模型。研究结果：研究期内,京津冀城市群县域城市土地利用效率均值为0.709,年均效率显著提升,整体效率差异程度有所收敛。不同省市、不同层级区县效率均值存在显著的时空分化,空间集聚态势显著增强,“核心—外围”现象持续凸显。受区县行政级别和社会经济发展基础的双重梯度差距影响,不同因素的作用机理存在明显的差异性。研究结论：京津冀协同发展背景下,亟需严控县域城市用地低效蔓延,促进产业形态和资源配置转型升级。打破行政级别壁垒,完善产业和功能的县际传导,深化城市群核心区域对于外围区县的辐射带动作用。     

京津冀区域“三生空间”分类评价与格局演变

［目的］国土空间是社会经济发展的载体，是人们生存和发展的依托。识别和定量刻画“三生”功能空间结构及其演变规律是进行国土空间结构优化的基础。［方法］研究引入土地三生功能评分矩阵，通过GIS空间分析和可视化技术，基于土地利用覆被数据，对1900—2015年京津冀区域三生空间格局演变进行了研究。［结果］京津冀区域三生空间分布格局具有较强的规律性。生产空间主要分布在东南平原区，生活空间主要分布在北京、天津、石家庄、唐山、廊坊等都市圈，生态空间主要分布燕山—太行山山区。1990—2015年京津冀区域生产空间保持稳定，生活空间呈扩张态势，生态空间略有减小，北京、天津、石家庄、唐山、廊坊等都市圈三生空间变化最为活跃，具体表现为生产生活空间快速扩张、生态空间大幅度缩减。［结论］利用土地三生功能评分矩阵法，可以快速有效识别区域三生空间，不仅能体现土地的多功能性，更能反映不同地类功能的差异性。京津冀区域应严格控制人口、城市用地规模，划定耕地数量底线，河北应充分发挥京津冀生态环境支撑区作用，构建结构合理的绿色生态屏障，加快推进京津风沙源治理、太行山绿化、退耕还林、水土保持等生态工程建设，全面实施地下水超采综合治理，发展节水型农林业，加强湿地和农田保护。增加生态用地数量，重点建设成片森林和恢复连篇湿地，扩大生态空间，为京津等大城市发展提供生态空间保障。     

空间均衡导向下的生态产品价值实现路径及演进 ——基于改进四象限模型的理论分析

研究目的：测度2015—2020年全国31省的物质和生态财富价值变化，探讨生态产品价值实现的空间均衡框架，为不同区域的实践探索提供参考。研究方法：改进四象限模型、归纳总结法和案例分析法。研究结果：（1）2015—2020年全国31省GEP和人均GEP分别增长了19.35%和16.80%，但空间不均衡的格局差异愈发明显。（2）以物质和生态财富的均衡状态构建基于改进四象限模型的空间均衡框架，将31省划分为6个象限分区，各分区生态产品的供需强度存在相对势差。（3）处于不同象限的地区应在生态修复整治、生态保护补偿、生态权益交易、生态产业开发、产业生态转型5种主要路径中因地制宜进行匹配组合，并朝着物质与生态财富协同的理想均衡线演进。研究结论：剖析物质与生态财富的协同关系及生态产品供需强度对生态产品价值实现路径的指导依据，探索价值实现的空间均衡方向和路径演进策略，有利于实现区域间“富绿”协同。     

中越边境地区国土空间功能时空演变与耦合协调

研究目的：明晰城镇、农业和生态功能的耦合协调关系,为缓解中越边境地区国土空间功能冲突提供依据。研究方法：理论推演,加权求和、耦合协调度模型。研究结果：（1）2000—2018年,中越边境地区由生态功能主导、城镇功能拉动、农业功能抬升的国土空间综合功能呈上升态势,国土空间功能由“低水平高差距”的互竞阶段走向“高水平低差距”的优化提升阶段,自东（广西段）向西（云南段）过渡表现为递减的阶梯式变化过程,城镇功能和农业功能较高值区主要位于贸易口岸集中的东南部,生态功能以较高值区为主;（2）国土空间功能由勉强协调向中级协调转型发展,广西段的耦合协调度高于云南段,耦合协调等级空间分布差异与国土空间综合功能格局吻合;（3）边境贸易水平、社会保障能力和自然环境条件等因素综合影响国土空间功能协调发展。研究结论：提高生态环境质量、边境贸易活力、边民生活水平和制定差异化的国土空间用途管制措施,是提升中越边境地区国土空间功能及其协调发展程度的重要路径。     

全国特色小镇空间分布特征及影响因素

[目的]建设特色小镇是我国小城镇发展进入新阶段的重要战略,有必要从全国尺度上研究其空间分布特征,为小城镇空间体系空间布局优化提供科学依据。[方法]通过空间分析和计量分析等方法,研究了住房城乡建设部认定的全国特色小镇的空间分布特征。[结果]各省经济发展与特色小镇培育与存在省际差异,上海等4省市地方经济发展与特色小镇培育共进,宁夏等5省区特色小镇培育领先于地方经济发展。特色小镇的空间分布较均衡,体现出"整体分散、局部集中"的特征,区域间均衡性低于省际间均衡性。长三角城市群、长江中游城市群和京津冀城市群的特色小镇数量最多,中原城市群、哈长城市群和北部湾城市群的特色小镇数量占比明显滞后于区域内人口占比。从文化地理区划角度,吴越、荆湘和岭南文化副区的特色小镇数量最多。自然生态要素上,低海拔平原区域特色小镇最多;71.2%的小镇与自然水体临近;国家重点生态功能区内的特色小镇数量相对偏低。[结论]省级行政区划下的特色小镇分布均衡性较高,同时也与经济发展、文化沉淀和生态功能等因素密切相关。     

长江经济带国土空间效率差异演进及驱动机理研究

研究目的：明晰长江经济带国土空间效率的空间差异及驱动机理，协同推进重大国家战略发展区域的国土空间格局优化和社会经济高质量发展。研究方法：以长江经济带130个城市作为研究对象，运用超效率SBM模型、空间分类、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析法进行差异格局分析，运用地理探测器方法识别驱动机理。研究结果：（1)国土空间系统兼顾城镇发展、农业生产和生态保育等重要功能，各子系统共同影响着国土空间格局的优化进程，国土空间效率由城镇空间效率、农业空间效率和生态空间效率构成，旨在强调以最小的要素投入析出最大的综合效益。（2)高效率区以上海、重庆、武汉、长沙等为核心，呈现由内向外密度递减的多核心圈层结构，低效率区呈基底状连绵分布在上游云南、贵州等地。空间关联特征具有较强的正向相关作用，各空间的关联主导类型存在差异且空间集聚效应显著，局部LISA形态呈现“小聚集大分散”的空间关联效应。（3)国土空间效率差异演进受外部社会经济和区域本底因子的双重影响，外部社会经济因素中经济发展、财政支撑、工业化进程、土地城镇化进程能够显著推动效率提升，行政面积和地形地势等内部因子也在一定程度上影响着效率的变化。研究结论：长江经济带国土空间效率区域差异明显且集聚效应显著，未来发展要时刻把握社会经济要素与资源环境要素对国土空间效率的共同驱动作用，推动区域构建优势互补、高质量发展的国土空间布局和支撑体系。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区水土资源与经济发展耦合分析及优化路径

研究目的：评价鄱阳湖生态经济区各县市区水土资源承载力与经济发展耦合差异水平,并探讨其耦合优化路径。研究方法：采用信息熵权法确定耦合评价指标体系,并对其量化评估。研究结果：（1）生态经济区耦合协调度差异明显,市区耦合协调度整体水平较高,县域则相对较低;（2）水土资源承载力与经济发展缺乏同步性,市区多为环境滞后性阶段,县域则处于经济滞后阶段;（3）耦合度空间分布以湖滨地区为核心以圈层形式呈现向外逐渐递减趋势;（4）经济滞后区域应选择城镇建设与产业布局策略,环境滞后区应选择适应性管理与生态屏障区构建策略。研究结论：基于资源与经济同步优化策略将为鄱阳湖生态经济区均衡发展提供一种新的研究视角。     

省级国土空间“三生”功能分区研究 ——以河南省为例

研究目的：准确评价省级国土空间“三生”功能特征，并在保证空间邻接性和区域完整性前提下实现功能分区，为国土空间规划编制提供支撑。研究方法：GIS空间评价法与两维图论聚类算法。研究结果：豫中、豫中北和豫东地区的国土空间生产和生活功能值偏高，但生态功能偏弱，豫西和豫南地区生态条件较好，生态功能值高，但生产和生活条件较差；河南省国土空间可划分为8个功能区，Ⅰ区和Ⅶ区应注重生产与生活功能的同步发展，Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区应有所侧重地利用与维持生态功能，Ⅴ区和Ⅵ区应分别以农业和工矿生产功能发展为导向，促进国土空间功能的综合协调发展。研究结论：两维图论聚类算法能够解决传统分区难以保证空间邻接性和行政完整性问题，同时分区因子明确、分区方法简洁清晰，易被推广，在省级国土空间功能分区中具有较好的应用前景。     

面向城乡融合发展的县域国土空间规划：理论认知与实践探索

研究目的：探究如何借助国土空间规划这一政策工具助力县域城乡融合发展，以期深化和丰富城乡融合背景下县域国土空间规划的理论认知与实践创新。研究方法：文献资料法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）基于极化效应与扩散效应理论、“流空间”理论及互惠式城乡发展理论阐释了国土空间规划赋能县域城乡融合发展的理论认知，提出了以“参流构形—以形引流—形流耦合”为核心的县域国土空间规划实践逻辑；（2）基于区域差异，立足都市圈地区、大城市腹地及偏远地区的三个类型县域分别提出面向“一体化”、“郊区化”和“中心化”的国土空间治理实践路径。研究结论：城乡融合背景下空间治理的核心在于合理利用国土空间规划强化区域发展的扩散效应，引导城乡要素双向流动，以形成互惠共生的城乡网络体系，从而推动县域城乡融合发展。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.