我国工资差异变化及影响因素分析——基于家计调查的实证研究

尽管中国在经济转型过程中取得了令世人瞩目的经济增长速度,但随之而来的是不断扩大的工资收入差异和持续扩大的工资收入差距引发了广泛关注.一般认为,工资差距过大对社会公平和正义造成伤害,并直接影响中国经济和社会的可持续发展.基于家计调查数据并使用经济计量模型分析方法,本论文对中国在过去二十年日益增长的工资差距进行实证分析并探讨影响工资差距的主要因素.研究表明,政府对劳动力市场机构特别是工资政策改革是引发工资差距不断扩大的原因之一.本论文指出,劳动力市场机构的变化不是造成工资差异扩大的唯一因素;其它重要因素包括劳动力市场歧视以及制度性障碍,如中国现行的户口政策造成的劳动力市场分割等.本论文还从政策层面对减少工资差异提出建议.     

贸易对中国工业部门劳动力工资的影响

笔者利用1997年～2009年中国工业部门面板数据检验了贸易在不同工业行业中对熟练与非熟练劳动力工资收入的影响.结果表明:贸易提高了熟练劳动力在高技术产业的工资收入,降低非熟练劳动力在高技术产业的工资;同时贸易也扩大了产业内熟练与非熟练劳动力的工资差距.贸易对工资的影响不仅依赖于劳动力熟练程度也依赖于行业技术水平.     

劳动力市场的所有制分割与城乡收入差距

目前缺少系统的农民工工资的面板数据妨碍了对城镇劳动力市场的所有制分割如何影响城乡收入差距的研究。本文证明城镇集体经济部门的平均工资可以作为农民工工资的代理变量,并将城镇国有部门的平均工资与集体部门的平均工资的比例作为衡量城镇劳动力市场所有制分割的指标。笔者通过对中国1978—2008年间省际面板数据的回归分析发现,劳动力市场的所有制分割本身具有扩大城乡收入差距的效应,但是,非国有部门职工比重的增加会削弱所有制分割的影响,从而有助于缩小城乡收入差距。     

就业稳定性视角下农民工与城镇职工的工资差距

本文基于中国劳动力动态调查2012年的数据,采用Fairlie分解方法确定了农民工与城镇职工就业稳定性差距的成因,在校正了就业选择所产生的偏误之后,采用Oaxaca-Blinder分解方法分析了不同就业稳定性下农民工与城镇职工的工资差距.结果表明:市场分割、人力资本差异和行业差异对就业稳定性差距给出了显著性解释,其中人力资本差异解释了近50%的就业稳定性差距;人力资本差异也是农民工与城镇职工工资差距的主要原因,市场分割对工资差距的影响很小;市场分割对工资差距的影响主要体现在稳定就业中,在非稳定就业中不存在.本文的结论表明,对城镇劳动市场就业分割的关注应转向更为隐性的分割问题.     

城镇本地与迁移劳动力工资差异变化:“天花板”还是“黏地板”?

文章使用中国城市劳动力抽样调查(CULS)2001年、2005年和2010年数据,采用重设权重再中心化影响函数,对城镇本地与迁移劳动力在不同分位数上的工资差距进行了分解。研究发现:第一,从纵向变化来看,在工资分布的不同分位数上,工资差距的构成效应呈现逐渐减弱的趋势,而由市场歧视造成的结构效应则呈现逐渐增强的趋势;第二,城镇本地与迁移劳动力的工资差距存在不对称现象,工资收入分布末端的工资差距较大,符合"黏地板效应",并且工资差距来源中的结构效应显著大于构成效应;第三,"黏地板效应"与低收入迁移劳动力群体的一些特征相联系;第四,在收入分布的顶端,城镇本地与迁移劳动力的工资差距较小,原因是可观测特征(如受教育水平)的差别较小,并且结构效应也较小。     

职业分割、性别歧视与工资差距

文章通过"晒工费"网络平台提供的调查数据,利用Appleton分解方法对我国城镇职工的性别工资差距进行了分解.结果表明,受教育程度、工作年限等人力资本水平对男女工贵差异有显著的影响,而且我国劳动力市场上存在一定的职业性别分割.分解数据显示,职业内工资差异与职业闻工资差异分别为22.5%和15.7%,即存在比较严重的纵向和横向性别职业隔离.此外,分析结果还揭示了职业性别歧视是导致城市男女工资差异的主要原因.     

浅谈工资与收入的联系

工资与收入既有联系又有区别,经济学上的工资通常指劳动力价值的货币表现,也就是劳动者的货币工资。然而,在实际中,劳动者除工资收入之外,还有其它正当收入。所以,实际中的工资和收入是不一样的,劳动者的实际收入才等价于劳动力价值。     

基于劳动力市场分割视角的"名校"与"民校"就业差距分析

本文从劳动力市场分割的角度来解释毕业生就业中存在的"名校就业率不如民校"现象.从两个方面进行了分析:一方面高等教育质量差距日益扩大化是毕业生就业市场分割的内因;另一方面中国大劳动力市场分割是导致毕业生劳动力市场分割的外因.最后指出这样的分割将会不断加剧,并提出了相应对策建议.     

江苏城乡收入分配差距的负面经济效应分析

改革开放以来,江苏城乡居民收入差距呈现扩大的趋势。城乡收入分配差距的扩大,使得江苏居民消费率下降,城乡人力资本差距扩大,城乡二元经济结构有固化趋势。只有不断完善劳动力市场,推进刘易斯转折点与库兹涅茨转折点的会合,才能逐步提高劳动者工资报酬,改善收入分配格局,缩小城乡收入差距。     

我国劳动力市场上工资收入差距的决定因素——基于夏普里值过程的回归方程分解

文章运用中国综合社会调查2006年数据,基于夏普里值过程的回归分解方法,对我国劳动力市场上工资收入差距的决定因素进行了系统的实证研究。研究发现,教育人力资本是导致工资收入差距的最重要因素,其对不平等程度的贡献达到了37.47%;地区、性别和行业因素仅次于教育,成为导致工资收入分配不平等的重要因素;职业类型、单位所有制和社会关系是控制工资收入差距不容忽视的因素;而单位规模、户籍和工作经验对不平等程度的贡献则几乎可以忽略不计。另外,工资收入差距的决定因素在东部和中西部地区存在巨大差异。     

The Impact of Income Taxation on the Labor Supply of Part-time and Full-time Workers

This paper estimates the effect of income taxation on the labor supply of part-time and full-time workers in the United States. Using a model that incorporates the endogeneity of the net wage rate and the virtual income, and correcting for self-selection into part-time and full-time jobs, the results indicate that part-time workers are relatively more responsive to changes in income tax than full-time workers. Estimated wage elasticities are relatively larger for part-time than for full-time workers.The simulation results indicate that income tax has a disincentive effect on both part-time and full-time workers, with part-time and full-time workers reducing their labor supply by 0.87 and 0.58 hours, respectively, if a 5% tax is imposed. However, the percentage reduction in hours of work is very small, and a tax policy may have little effect on the labor supply of workers.The results seem to suggest that female and black part-time workers are more likely to drop out of the labor force at higher levels of income tax. It also tests the hypothesis that the labor supply behavior of parttime and full-time workers differs.The test results indicate that the determinants of the labor supply of part-time workers are different from those of full-time workers. It is noted that there is a significant difference between the labor supply of male part-time and female parttime workers, as well as between the black part-time and white part-time workers. In order to reduce voluntary unemployment in market activities among married females and blacks, the government can encourage part-time work by sponsoring legislation or instituting a scheme that will allow part-time workers to pay relatively less in payroll taxes.     

Earnings differences in the labor market of the Arab Gulf states: The case of Kuwait

The Arab Gulf states of Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Qatar have been experiencing common trends of growth and development. The shared features include a large and expanding government sector, ambitious development programs, high standards of welfare and income and high dependence on migrant workers. Without the expatriate manpower it would have been virtually impossible for the economies of these countries to implement their development programs. Yet the presence of expatriates has a direct impact on the size distribution of labor income. Using the rich data of the 1972/73 budget survey this paper shows that the distribution of labor income is more equitable within the indigenous labor force, i.e., Kuwaitis, than within the migrant workers who come from different environments and have varied experiences and educational attainments. The institutional rules prevailing in Kuwait, as well as other Arab Gulf States, discriminate against migrant workers. The paper shows that about 50% of the wage difference between Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti workers is due to discriminatory practices in the labor market. In view of the projected increase in demand for foreign workers in the Arab Gulf States, policy makers are in urgent need of manpower planning and a reconsideration of their discriminatory policies against foreign workers.     

经济一体化、产业分工与失业

本文建立了产业分工架构,分析工业国家非技术劳工工资与失业问题。产业分工程度内生决定于经济一体化(即市场扩大)型态:在一体化市场内,若技术劳动成长率大于非技术劳动增幅,制造业产业分工程度将加深;反之,产业分工程度降低。产业分工程度加深促使非技术劳工工资上升、失业率下降,并未如预期会威胁工业国家非技术劳工。值得注意的是,既使产业分工程度加深、非技术劳工失业率下降,亦可能出现非技术劳工失业量上升现象。     

The Minimum Wage and the Cause of Democracy

Too often the minimum wage is conceived of as a small policy measure that will be of benefit to only a small segment of the labor market while imposing costs on another segment of the labor market. Unexplored, however, are the larger philosophic questions that such a small measure may actually raise. One such issue is the relationship between the minimum wage and democratic principles. In this paper I argue that the minimum wage furthers the ends of democratic society in that low-wage workers may achieve greater equality of standing with their piers to the extent that income inequality is at all lessened; their autonomy as individuals is enhanced through higher wages, which in turn enables them to claim the benefits of citizenship and participate more effectively in the democratic process; and it fosters greater economic development in that it raises the overall structure of a region and perhaps the productivity of that region.     

影子工资率对农村劳动力迁移与就业的影响

利用对陕西省农户所做的调查数据,采用多重分类概率模型,就农民对不同就业方式的参与概率进行估计,重点分析了影子工资率及人力资本、就业成本、收入差距对农民迁移与就业的影响,进而讨论了农村劳动市场的发育状况、农村社区环境的发展、农户家庭特征、个体人力资本积累对劳动力要素有效配置的影响。最后提出了相应的对策建议。     

最低工资制度能提高民营企业劳动收入占比吗

本文以民营企业要素投入行为为切入点,探讨最低工资制度对民营企业劳动收入占比的影响。基于2005-2008年和2011-2013年中国工业企业数据库民营企业面板数据的研究发现：最低工资制度提高了劳动密集型和资本密集型行业民营企业的劳动收入占比,降低了技术密集型民营企业的劳动收入占比。通过分解影响机制发现,最低工资制度提高了劳动密集型和资本密集型民营企业的工资水平,带来正向的收入效应,但也导致资本替代劳动,产生负向的替代效应。整体而言,最低工资制度提高了民营企业的劳动收入占比。为发挥最低工资制度对民营企业劳动收入占比的正向作用,继续调整最低工资标准、贯彻相关法规实施、提高劳动者技能水平成为重要措施。     

Exploring different measures of wage flexibility in a developing economy context: the case for Turkey

In this paper we use Turkish household labor force data to address a number of conceptual issues pertaining to the wage curve, an empirically derived negative relationship between the real wage level and the local unemployment rate. First, we show that in developing economies where labor markets are prone to high degree of segmentation by skill level, local unemployment rates disaggregated by education provide more accurate measures of the degree of group-specific wage competition and hence yield more robust results of the wage curve analyses. Second, we estimate the wage curve using various definitions of the unemployment rate, including discouraged and marginally attached workers, and the long-term unemployment rate to explore the most relevant measure of local labor market tension in the wage setting process. We find that broader definitions of unemployment serve as a more effective reference point in measuring wage flexibility for women, whose attachment to the labor market is substantially weak in the Turkish context; while for men the official and long-term unemployment rates perform well. Finally, using quantile regression we show that wage responsiveness to unemployment cannot be assumed to be constant along the wage distribution. In the Turkish case, we find a higher unemployment elasticity of wages around the median segment of wage distribution. This effect is more pronounced for women.     

劳动力市场行政垄断行业分割与劳动收入比重——基于中国省级面板数据的分析

通过对我国劳动收入比重变动的原因研究发现:劳动力市场行政垄断行业分割与劳动收入比重之间互为因果。我国劳动力市场行政垄断行业分割会使行政垄断行业就业人数占总就业人数比例下降,行政垄断行业和竞争行业间收入差距扩大,导致劳动收入比重下降,进而会使资本实际价格下降,增强行政垄断企业的市场力量,加剧劳动力市场行政垄断行业分割程度。因此,减弱劳动力市场行政垄断行业分割是稳定劳动收入比重的关键。     

对于劳动力市场的性别歧视的实证分析——以美国的2007年劳动力市场的数据为例

通过借鉴美国2007年美国劳动力市场的数据,对于劳动力市场中的性别歧视现象作了实证分析。考虑到了影响工资收入的职业类型、技术差异,劳动者偏好等影响因素对于劳动群里女性比例与该劳动群体里的工资收入进行了多元回归分析。该研究结果对于改善较不成熟的中国劳动力市场的就业问题具有一定的借鉴意义。