我国对外贸易政策60年变迁探析

60年来,我国从一个贸易小国变成一个贸易大国,贸易额从11.3亿美元上升到25 617亿美元,对外贸易政策起到关键的导向和促进作用。改革开放前30年,我国实施封闭式贸易保护政策,外贸发展停滞不前;改革开放后30年,贸易政策从封闭式保护转向开放式保护、自由化倾向保护及一般自由贸易政策,外贸发展空前高涨。探析我国对外贸易政策变迁及其影响,有助于制定更有效的政策措施,走出国际金融危机造成的外贸困境。     

经济全球化时代发展中国家贸易政策的变迁

在工业化初步发展阶段，落后国家采取贸易保护政策具有一定的合理性，然而随着经济的迅速发展，贸易保护存在的理由和社会条件也将日渐消失。在知识经济和经济全球化时代，自由贸易政策将成为促进发展中国家实现经济赶超的捷径。我国加入WTO和推动自由贸易也体现了经济发展的必须性要求。     

开放经济条件下两国模型的贸易政策博弈

开放经济条件下,各国贸易政策具有明显的博弈特征。两国模型的贸易政策博弈,是一种不完全信息博弈,动态博弈、零和博弈和无限的重复博弈。博弈中贸易双方的纳什均衡解（采取最优关税或出口补贴,实施贸易保护政策）并不是帕螺托最优解。“触发器策略”和“针锋相对策略”,会促使博弈双方为了获得长期利益而建立一个愿意合作的信誉并惩罚对方的不合作行为,从而实施自由贸易政策,多边贸易体制的完善,也必须将推动各国的贸易自由化进程。     

浅谈WTO机制与世界农产品贸易保护

十九世纪以来,农产品贸易保护一直盛行于发达国家。尽管在WTO的积极推动下,农产品贸易自由化正在逐步兴起,但其进展并不尽如人意。在今后相当长的一段时间内,农产品贸易保护仍然将是一种政策常态。因此如何在国际趋势下使我国的农产品贸易保护政策合理、合法、有效是我们必须解决的重大课题。本文综合运用发展经济学、宏观经济学、微观经济学、政治经济学等相关理论的分析工具和思路,在对发达国家农产品贸易保护政策实践进行分析的基础上,剖析了目前我国农产品贸易以及农产品贸易保护政策中存在的问题,并就我国农产品贸易保护政策的调整提出了相关建议。     

多边贸易体制下环境与贸易政策的结合

国际社会对全球环境危机的真实关切使世界贸易组织面临协调环境保护和自由贸易的任务。《建立世界贸易组织》前言第一次明确将可持续发展确立为新的多边贸易体制的基本原则和宗旨。本文首先论证了只有当环境政策和贸易自由化共同发展的时候，贸易才能对环境产生积极的影响，然后说明世界贸易组织的机制使环境和贸易政策的结合成为可能，最后介绍了世界贸易组织有关环境与贸易政策结合的法律与实践，并分析了存在的问题。     

政策干预下我国贸易自由化的福利效应

近年来,贸易和环境问题越来越成为各国关注的焦点,传统贸易理论忽视了环境资源的合理使用和保护,给发展中国家带来了严重的环境问题。文章在揭示传统贸易理论在环境资源分析不足的同时,建立了一个政策干预下的发展中国家的自由贸易模型,在此基础上结合我国实际情况分析贸易自由化的福利效应。     

浅析战略性贸易政策及其对中国的启示

随着全球化的发展,世界各国的经济贸易联系越来越紧密。传统的国际贸易理论对于促进国际贸易自由化,深化分工合作以及增加各国福利,有着重要意义。但是,现实中的经济贸易总是复杂多变的,传统的自由贸易理论只是人们的理想,不完全竞争的市场环境广泛存在,新贸易理论及其政策开始受到人们的关注。本文将在此浅析战略性贸易政策的背景,适用性,以日本为例的战略性贸易政策实践,以及战略性贸易政策对我国的启示。     

战略性贸易政策在我国汽车产业的应用研究

加入WTO以后，面对贸易自由化的挑战，国内的贸易政策不得不做出适当的调整，而目前的国情又不可能使国内政策偏向于完全的自由贸易。因此，如何选择未来汽车产业的贸易政策成为我们必须认真面对的重要课题。本文主要探讨了我国汽车产业存在的问题，并在此基础上提出了一些应对措施。     

战略性贸易政策在我国汽车产业的应用研究

加入WTO以后,面对贸易自由化的挑战,国内的贸易政策不得不做出适当的调整,而目前的国情又不可能使国内政策偏向于完全的自由贸易.因此,如何选择未来汽车产业的贸易政策成为我们必须认真面对的重要课题.本文主要探讨了我国汽车产业存在的问题,并在此基础上提出了一些应对措施.     

贸易保护与政治利益关系的研究

在国际贸易发展的不同历史发展时期一直存在着贸易保护与政治利益的复杂关系,无论从重商主义时期贸易保护的观点到工业革命时期的自由贸易理论,还是今天发展中国家对幼稚工业的保护和发达国家对衰退产业的保护,无不体现了政治利益在贸易政策中的决定性作用.尽管自由贸易是世界贸易发展的大趋势,但贸易保护仍然是各国制定贸易政策的底线,必将在相当长的时期内与自由贸易并存.     

Government interventions and productivity growth

This article investigates the impact of government industrial policy and trade protection of the manufacturing sector in Korea. Empirical results are provided, using four-period panel data for the years 1963 through 1983, for thirty-eight Korean industries in which trade protection reduced growth rates of labor productivity and total factor productivity, while industrial policies, such as tax incentives and subsidized credit, were not correlated with total factor productivity growth in the promoted sectors. The evidence thus implies that less government intervention in trade is linked to higher productivity growth.     

Ambiguous protection

Import regulations are globally the most prevalent form of intervention in international trade. The regulations should, under rules of the WTO, protect consumers and the environment but can be used to protect producers. We investigate the ambiguity of intent of the regulations. We set out a model that when applied empirically suggests, as a benchmark estimate, equal divide between social benefit and producer protection. Inefficiency and distributional effects of the regulations are consistent with producer-protecting trade policy. Country diversity in use of regulations supplements our estimates in suggesting presence of producer-protecting intent. We look at how WTO procedures have allowed producer protection in the guise of social benefit.     

Political economy of China’s trade policy: the evidence from industrial protection in 1990s

The theory of the political economy of trade policy, combining public choice and neoclassical trade theories, studies the level and pattern of trade intervention from the perspective of policy decision-making process, by stressing on income distribution instead of economic efficiency. The paper attempts to apply such an endogenous trade theory to an empirical study of China. On the basis of a formal revised model of political economy of trade protection, it tests theoretical hypotheses concerning the political and economic determinants of cross-sector trade protection in the Chinese industry at various periods. The results show that trade protection in China fits into China’s national development strategy of fast catching-up with the developed world.     

产业内贸易中的企业行为与贸易政策——基于古诺双寡头垄断模型的分析

20世纪60年代以后,学者研究发现,传统的贸易理论无法解释大量工业化国家之间的贸易,从而使产业内贸易的研究成为国际贸易的核心问题之一。本文建立古诺双寡头垄断模型对同质产品产业内贸易中的企业行为与贸易政策进行了博弈分析,通过研究发现：寡头垄断企业之间即使在比较优势和报酬递增都不存在的条件下也会互相向对方市场销售商品;追求社会福利最大化的政府很容易陷入贸易保护的囚徒困境,从而导致双方社会福利恶化。本文认为,政府之间应该加强交往,深化合作,通过谈判解决贸易争端,避免陷入贸易保护的囚徒困境。     

Credibility of Protection and Incentives to Innovate

In recent trade policy debates it is often argued that temporary protection stimulates innovation. This paper shows that the validity of the argument depends on the perceived credibility of protection policy. If it is suspected that temporary protection will be removed early should innovation occur before its terminal date, the protected firm invests less in R&D than it does under free trade. If it is expected that protection will be extended should no innovation have occurred by its terminal date, investment falls below the free-trade level, and eventually to zero, as the terminal date is approached.     

Market collusion and the politics of protection

This paper investigates the relationship between trade and competition policy within a model where market collusion and protectionist lobbying are themselves related. Collusion and lobbying are modeled as joint products of the same collective effort of firms. In equilibrium, firms cannot achieve greater cooperation in one dimension without reducing it in the other. A trade agreement that limits the effectiveness of lobbying may cause firms to increase market collusion, thereby increasing the domestic price. Thus, international trade agreements may run counter to the goals of competition policy. On the other side, a more restrictive competition policy is shown to either reduce the domestic price or reduce import protection. Thus, competition policy tends to promote trade policy goals. The reason is that restrictive competition policy undermines collusion at the source—it decreases the per-firm benefit to collusion relative to the gains from deviating—reducing firm cooperation in both dimensions.     

Product Market Integration and Environmental Policy Coordination in An International Duopoly

We analyse the effect of product market integration on environmental policy incentives in an international duopoly, where national policy makers act strategically. If traditional trade policy instruments are not available, environmental policies will typically be determined by the interaction of conflicting policy incentives. Contrary to popular belief, we find that international product market integration, in this particular setting, might reduce the need for transnational policy coordination, both from a purely environmental and from a social welfare perspective.     

Distortions in the trade policy for development debate: A re-examination of Friedrich List

This paper re-examines the works of Friedrich List and arguesthat he had a vision of how to promote economic and social developmentfrom the initial state of an advanced agricultural society thathas been distorted in the trade policy for development debate.It shows that his vision is much broader than the orthodox labelof ‘protectionism’ conveys. He thus proposed manymethods of promoting development, cautioned and suggested measuresagainst the drawbacks of protection, and emphasised exports.It is hoped that this paper will contribute to the debate onthe wisdom behind the current push toward trade liberalisation.     

促进中国民营企业发展的支持性公共政策措施

民营企业的在发展过程中,存在着法律上的不公,准入行业、土地使用制度上的限制,税收政策上的不平等,融资渠道不畅,政府职能机构不到位、制度不健全和政策环境不理想等障碍。这严重地阻碍了民营企业的发展。因此,在法律上给民营企业一个公平的地位,取缔民营企业准入行业上的限制性政策,畅通民营企业的融资渠道,改革现有的用地制度、税收制度,转换政府职能,对民营企业的健康、快速发展具有重要意义,这不仅关系到繁荣中国经济,完善社会主义市场经济体制,而且关系到具有中国特色的社会主义事业的发展。     

加快环境成本内部化,积极应对反生态倾销

战略性环境政策论者认为,如果一国试图实现社会福利的最大化,就会使边际减污成本小于污染的边际损害,在不完全竞争的世界中,一国会在战略上扭曲其环境政策,以支持其产业在国际市场上的竞争,从而论证了生态倾销的可能性。本文基于对生态倾销及反生态倾销的理解,针对我国传统贸易模式中生态倾销的现状进行分析,提出我国应加快环境成本内部化,积极宣传环保理念,利用反生态倾销的机会调整我国出口结构,采取妥善措施,达到环境保护和自由贸易的平衡,积极应对新一轮贸易挑战。