The relationship between technical efficiency and industrial concentration: Evidence from the Indonesian food and beverages industry

This paper investigates the relationship between technical efficiency and industrial concentration in the Indonesian food and beverages sector. Firm-level data obtained from the Indonesian Bureau of Central Statistics (BPS) are used to estimate technical efficiency scores and calculate measures of industrial concentration. The results show that the food and beverages industry is characterized by high industrial concentration and firms in the industry are inefficient. The Granger-causality test suggests a one-way direction of causality, with industrial concentration having a negative impact on technical efficiency, at the sector level. This suggests that the quiet-life hypothesis, rather than the efficient-structure hypothesis, applies to the Indonesian food and beverages industry.     

农产品和工业品产业链价格传递动态路径与我国物价水平波动研究

论文在对价格传递的特征进行了新的刻画基础上,利用我国近15年的月度数据,采用VAR模型和脉冲响应函数的计量方法,对比研究了农产品和工业品价格传递的动态路径特征及其对我国物价水平波动的影响。研究结论表明:从对价格冲击调整的方向、大小和快慢上来看,农产品产业链价格传递的波动性更大、影响时滞更短,呈现出更明显的非对称性特征,更容易影响我国物价波动;而工业品产业链价格传递不那么顺畅,特别是中游价格PPI与物价波动常呈现脱节现象。为此,在制定稳定物价的政策时,应针对两者价格传递的不同特征进行区别对待。     

房价波动与制造业升级:基于省际面板数据的空间计量分析

利用2007-2016年中国29个省市区的相关数据,分析房地产价格和制造业产业升级在中国各个省市区的分布格局和空间上的相互依赖性。基于邻接权重矩阵构建空间滞后模型和空间误差模型,分析房价波动对中国制造业产业升级的影响。基于上述研究,得到四个方面的结论:一是通过Moran's I指数和Moran's I散点图证明了中国房价水平和制造业产业升级存在显著的空间相关性,制造业具有高水平区域集中、低水平区域聚集的特点;二是中国房地产价格与制造业产业升级呈倒U型库兹涅茨曲线关系,也就是说房价波动对制造业产业升级同时具有正效应和负效应;三是从整体上看,现阶段省域间相对房价升高对制造业低端技术产业产生挤出效应,对制造业高端技术产业发展产生促进作用,相对房价升高带动了制造业产业升级;四是在北京和上海,由于房价与制造业产业升级两者之间的关系已经跨入倒U型曲线的右边,所以要有效控制房价上涨,以免制造业产业升级受到抑制。     

Concentration in Indonesia Manufacturing, 1975–93

This paper analyses trends and levels of industrial concentration in 102 Indonesian industries between 1975 and 1993. There was a long-term decline in industrial concentration across the manufacturing sector over this period. The simple average four-firm concentration ratio declined from 64% in 1975 to 54% in 1993, while the percentage of industries classified as highly concentrated fell from 39% in 1975 to 28% in 1993. Allowing for foreign trade substantially reduces average concentration measures: in 1993 the average concentration of a sample of 67 industries was 53% without adjustment for foreign trade, but 41% if foreign trade was allowed for. Thus, competition is stronger in Indonesian markets than domestic concentration ratios would suggest.     

Industrial concentration, price-cost margins, and innovation

This paper explores a panel data set matching establishment-based production statistics from Japan's Census of Manufacturers with wholesale price indices from the Bank of Japan, and Herfindahl indices from the Japan Fair Trade Commission. The data include annual observations over the period 1961-1990, for 74 industries at the four-digit s.i.c. level. I estimate Cobb-Douglas production functions and Solow residuals for each industry and then use these estimates to further analyze the determinates of industrial concentration and innovation. The industries having great capital intensity and small employment of labor tend to be more concentrated. Cross-section estimates reveal a U-shaped mapping from concentration to innovation.     

房价、土地供给对制造业产业结构升级的影响

本文将探讨房价和土地供给以及二者交互作用对制造业产业结构升级的影响机制,并对2009—2017年全国70个大中城市面板数据进行实证研究。结果表明:在全国范围内,房价对制造业产业结构升级有促进作用,不同地区之间存在异质性,东部促进效果最大,西部的影响作用最小;在全国范围内,土地供给增加阻碍制造业产业结构升级,但统计上不显著,划分区域后作用显著,东部有利于制造业结构升级,中、西部不利于制造业结构升级;在全国范围内,两者之间的交互项对制造业产生显著的负向影响,不同地区结果有差异,东部的交互项产生显著的正向影响,中、西部产生显著的负向影响。     

城镇化、劳动力转移与物价

从城镇化、劳动力转移的角度看,我国物价表现出的食品与住房价格持续上涨的结构性上涨是城镇化和工业化阶段的必然现象,但与各阶层的贫富差距存在很高的相关性,只有倚重财税政策和产业政策影响财富分配和资本、劳动力的产业分配,充分发挥信贷政策的结构调整功能,才能有效地控制物价。     

从产业关联角度分析煤电联动机制

煤电联动机制自出台以来,已经执行了两次煤电联动,电价相应两次提高,现在面临着是否进行第三次煤电联动的抉择。煤电联动缓解了电力行业的成本压力并缓和了煤电行业的紧张关系,却未能解决引发冲突的根本问题。文章拟用产业关联理论来分析煤电联动机制。     

能源价格冲击对中国贸易结构的传递效应——基于投入产出法的实证研究

本文利用与进出口价格相关联的投入产出模型,计算模拟了国际能源价格冲击对中国贸易结构的传递效应。结果表明,能源价格冲击提高了货物出口和进口比重,使货物、服务出口比例更加不合理。具体而言,对初级产品、其他工业品、机电产品、高新技术产品以及各类服务占货物或服务出口和进口的比重具有同方向的作用效果,出口比重提高,进口比重也提高,而反之亦然。虽然能源价格冲击恶化了出口结构,优化了进口结构,但长期而言弊大于利,对我国贸易结构调整起到一定的阻碍作用。     

工业用地价格是否影响企业进入:来自中国城市的微观证据

在土地供应市场化之后,工业用地价格迅速上升并开始成为制约中国制造业发展的重要因素。文章采用2003-2007年中国城市面板数据,考察了工业用地价格对企业进入的影响。研究证实,东部地区工业用地价格上涨的确抑制了新企业的进入,但这一关系在中西部地区并不明显。进一步研究显示,地价上涨对企业进入的抑制效应在非国有企业、土地依赖型行业以及低增加值行业中更加明显。     

Price‐Setting Behavior of Korean Firms†

This paper investigates a pattern of price revision by firms in Korea and sheds light on the cause of price stickiness by providing reliable statistical estimates for calibration of the parameters of the widely‐used macro‐models. Based on firm‐level survey data and using a probit model, we identify the firm characteristics or market conditions that discourage firms from carrying out state‐dependent price adjustment. We also estimate the factors driving firms to engage in state‐dependent adjustment rather than wait until the next scheduled revision under three different shocks: demand, general cost and exchange rate shocks. We find a few interesting features, as follows. First, price revision by Korean firms tends to be time‐dependent rather than state‐dependent, with a sizable dispersion across sectors and firm sizes. Second, the pattern of price revision in Korea is not significantly different from that in selected advanced economies. Third, the reason why firms favor time‐dependent price adjustments appears to be endogenous, accounted for by a number of market institution variables. Fourth, in response to shocks, Korean firms tend to wait until the next periodically scheduled revision rather than make a state‐dependent price adjustment, unless marginal costs are affected significantly by the shock, and state‐dependent revisions are often significantly delayed when they do occur.     

Exchange Rate Shocks and the Speed of Trade Price Adjustment

A quantity adjustment cost model is developed in the context of international trade along the lines proposed by Krugman (1987). The model implies that prices adjust dynamically to exchange rate fluctuations. The price adjustment speed is determined as a function of foreign demand responsiveness, the appropriate discount rate, and an adjustment cost parameter. Pass-through is incomplete and increases over time and with the speed of price adjustment. A preliminary empirical analysis finds that the speed of price adjustment from the time series by industry and then in a cross-sectional regression tentatively relates the obtained adjustment speeds to their theoretical determinants.     

能源价格上涨对我国物价的影响研究

能源价格的变动对国民经济发展以及人民生活都有很大的影响。本文以我国2007年42部门投入产出表为数据基础,采用投入产出价格影响模型,分别分析当油价上涨20%、电价上涨10%时对41个部门产品价格的影响程度,并在此基础上分析对物价总水平、生产者物价指数水平及居民消费品价格水平变动的影响。     

能源环境约束下新疆工业结构调整优化研究

本文通过建立能源环境约束下新疆工业结构调整的多目标规划模型,以新疆国民经济与社会发展“十二五”规划为目标,根据规划要求确定模型中参数,得出实现新疆国民经济与社会发展“十二五”规划的工业结构调整方案：重点发展的行业为石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业,电力、热力的生产和供应业,化学原料及化学制品制造业;鼓励发展的行业为非金属矿物制品业、有色金属矿采选业、纺织业、饮料制造业;控制发展的行业为黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、农副食品加工业、食品制造业、造纸及纸制品业;限制发展的行业为黑色金属矿采选业、化学纤维制造业、有色金属冶炼及压延加工业.     

Price adjustment after hyperinflation in Zimbabwe

This paper examines—post‐dollarization in Zimbabwe—the extent of price dispersion within Zimbabwe and between Zimbabwe and South Africa. We document the adjustment process, and the mechanisms of price adjustment after the introduction of the new currency system in Zimbabwe. We show that prices converged post‐dollarization. We argue that the fall in price dispersion is not a product or a Southern Africa region effect. Rather it is a Zimbabwe specific effect and given that price convergence happens quicker the closer the month is to the dollarization, we argue that the observed results are driven by the change in currency. Price dispersion happens faster between major cities and secondary cities, suggesting improvements in information and trade signals between major and secondary cities. These results suggest that the positive effects of a stable currency fall disproportionally on secondary cities, implying price stability not only has macroeconomic benefits, but also developmental benefits since secondary cities and rural areas are on average, poorer than main cities.     

产业结构变迁对房地产价格的影响研究

以我国2004-2016 年的相关面板数据为样本数据,运用SYS-GMM 估计从产业结构合理化和产业结构高级化两个维度分析产业结构变迁对房价的影响,同时按房地产市场与经济发展水平指标对样本进行聚类分析,考察产业结构变迁对房价的区际差异化影响。研究表明：利用全国数据与分区域数据均得出产业结构变迁对房地产价格存在显著正向影响的结论,但各区域之间产业结构变迁对房价的影响存在一定的区域差异;产业结构合理化程度和高级化程度的变动对房价的影响强度在经济发达地区明显强于经济不发达地区。根据理论分析和实证结果从因城施策、租购并举、财税政策调整与人力资本提升四方面提出建议。     

电力工业改革对我国经济影响的定量研究——基于投入产出模型分析

针对电力行业建立了供给驱动模型、需求驱动模型和投入产出价格模型,定量分析了未来电力改革的主要方向——电力投资变化、电力价格水平波动以及电力供给变动对我国经济的影响。结果表明：电力生产需提前适度高于社会各部门平均水平,以满足经济快速发展的需要;在所有的基础设施行业中,电力投资对其它产业部门的辐射作用和影响力最大;电价水平的波动对居民消费价格指数影响较小,对高耗电产业影响较大。     

ASYMMETRIC PRICE TRANSMISSION AND MARKET CONCENTRATION: AN INVESTIGATION INTO FOUR SOUTH AFRICAN AGRO-FOOD INDUSTRIES

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人民币实际有效汇率变动的中国产业结构升级效应

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A putty-clay vintage model for sectors of industry in the Netherlands

Summary A putty-clay vintage model has been estimated for five industrial sectors: food, beverages and tobacco manufacturing; textiles, clothing and footwear manufacturing; chemical industry and oil refineries; metal manufacturing, and total manufacturing. Substitutabilityex ante between labour and capital appeared to be small in the first four sectors, with textiles, clothing and footwear manufacturing as an exception. Substitutabilityex ante in total manufacturing industry is rather high: an elasticity of substitution of –0.74. Embodied technical progress is strong in all industrial sectors. In textiles, clothing and footwear manufacturing and in total manufacturing it is both labour- and capital-augmenting in nature. In the other sectors it is mainly of the labour-augmenting variety.This research has partly been made possible by a grant of the National Programme of Labour Market Research (NPAO). Advice by Professor Th. van de Klundert and Mr. A.H. van Zon is gratefully acknowledged.