A Theory of Exchange Rates and the Term Structure of Interest Rates

This paper defines the concepts of indirect and direct risk premium effects and analyzes their properties in an exchange rate model. In the model, these effects are endogenously determined in a rational expectations equilibrium. For the effect of an interest rate shock, they have the opposite signs and the indirect risk premium effect can dominate the direct risk premium effect under reasonable parameters. This means that domestic short‐term bonds and foreign bonds are complements in the model even though domestic long‐term bonds and foreign bonds are substitutes. This model, focusing on the indirect risk premium effect and on the term structure of interest rates, can be combined with a small sample bias approach to explain stylized facts about the forward premium anomaly, which is found for short‐term interest rates, but not for long‐term interest rates.     

An analysis of credit terms in the eurodollar market

A model is presented incorporating various elements involved in the determination of theinterest rate in a capital market that is not purely competitive. It yields an equilibrium relation between the interest rate and the probability of default such that higher probability implies higher interest. Other factors affecting the rate of interest are the elasticity of demand, the perceived rate of loss related to default, and an extra premium due to risk aversion. The equilibrium relation is used as an econometric model which, under appropriate specifications, generates estimates of the weights attached to subjective risk indicators. The data cover transactions in the Eurocurrency market and deal only with publicly guaranteed loans to developing countries. Several economic indicators are identified as significantly affecting the subjective probability. These can be used to generate estimates of the subjective probabilities themselves.     

Cash-flow news,market liquidity and liquidity risk

This article adopts Campbell's (1991) return decomposition model to decompose the unexpected stock return and unexpected excess stock return in the US stock market. The study also investigates the factors that cause the shock to stock return and excess stock return. We further examine the responses of stock market to cash-flow news, expected stock return news, expected excess stock return news and interest rate news. Last, we examine the reaction of market liquidity, liquidity risk and abnormal trading volume to cash-flow news, expected stock return news, expected excess stock return news and interest rate news. Our main findings are summarized as follows: first, cash-flow news is the main driver of stock return and excess stock return in stock market. Second, the dividend payout ratio is able to predict stock return and excess stock return. Third, under the model of stock return variance, unexpected market liquidity and unexpected liquidity risk are negatively related to expected stock return news, but not related to cash-flow news. Fourth, under the model of excess stock return variance, unexpected market liquidity and unexpected liquidity risk are negatively related to cash-flow news, expected excess stock return news, and interest rate news.     

A bivariate Hawkes process for interest rate modeling

This paper proposes a continuous time model for interest rates, based on a bivariate mutually exciting point process. The two components of this process represent the global supply and demand for fixed income instruments. In this framework, closed form expressions are obtained for the first moments of the short term rate and for bonds, under an equivalent affine risk neutral measure. European derivatives are priced under a forward measure and a numerical algorithm is proposed to evaluate caplets and floorlets. The model is fitted to the time series of one year swap rates, from 2004 to 2014. From observation of yield curves over the same period, we filter the evolution of risk premiums of supply and demand processes. Finally, we analyze the sensitivity of implied volatilities of caplets to parameters defining thelevel of mutual-excitation.     

Annuities, Bequests, and Portfolio Diversification

In this article, the diversification motives of the demand for annuities is analyzed. Using a model allowing for the uncertainty of both the human life length and the interest rate, the Decision Maker is supposed to choose an optimal portfolio to maximize a bequest. Conditions under which an increase in the risk of bond returns increase the demand for annuities are proposed and discussed. Moreover, it is shown that, contrary to previous claims, more risk adversion is associated with a lower demand for annuities.     

The pricing and hedging of structured notes with systematic jump risk: An analysis of the USD knock-out reversed swap

Most of the interest rate derivative pricing models are jump-diffusion models, where the jump risk is assumed diversifiable. In this paper, we propose a Heath–Jarrow–Morton model with systematic jump risk to derive the no-arbitrage condition using Esscher transformation. Based on the Heath–Jarrow–Morton model with systematic jump risk, the dynamic process of the LIBOR market model with systematic jump risk is then developed. By decomposing the USD knock-out reversed swap into three derivative components, i.e., interest rate swap, interest rate digital call (IRDC) and cap, the pricing of the swap can be obtained from the dynamic process of the LIBOR market model with systematic jump risk. We show how the swap issuers/investors can hedge the swap risk using these three derivative components. The numerical analyses are conducted to show the impact of jump risk on the values of IRDC, cap and swap.     

A dynamic‐efficiency rationale for public investment in the health of the young

In this paper we assume away standard distributional and static‐efficiency arguments for public health and instead seek a dynamic efficiency rationale. We study a lifecycle model wherein young agents make health investments to reduce mortality risk. We identify a welfare rationale for public health under dynamic efficiency and exogenous mortality even when private and public investments are perfect substitutes. If health investment reduces mortality risk but individuals do not internalize its effect on the life‐annuity interest rate, the “Philipson‐Becker effect” emerges; when the young are net borrowers, this works together with dynamic efficiency to support a role for public health.     

基于影子银行视角的我国金融体制改革探索

学术界普遍认为影子银行脱缰似的发展助推并加剧了2008年的全球金融危机。后金融危机时代,我国的监管机构越发重视影子银行的风险防范问题。首先对我国的影子银行进行界定,继而从融资方的需求、投资方的供给以及投融资中介的配合三方面分析了我国影子银行兴起之表面原因,进而在探讨其隐藏的流动性风险、信息不对称风险以及系统性违约风险的基础上,指出影子银行兴起之深层次原因在于我国金融抑制环境下的利率管制以及当下"一行三会"的分业监管模式对金融创新存在监管真空等金融体制方面的弊端,最后提出为防范影子银行的风险,当前我国的金融体制改革的举措主要是完善金融监管体制、推进利率市场化改革,健全信息披露制度,加快社会信用体系的建设。     

运用久期模型进行利率风险管理的若干问题分析

利率的波动会给金融机构带来利率风险:重新定价风险和市场价值变动风险。传统的资产负债管理方法:缺口(gap)管理,只能解决前者而对后者无措。因而,后来理论界和业界并始广泛推崇和实行久期(duration)方法。久期充分考虑了与时间因素相关的现金流问题,可以同时兼顾利率变动对于收益和资本利得或损失的影响,从而实现利率免疫(interest immun ization)。巴塞尔委员会(2001年)推荐的监管银行利率风险的模型就是以久期模型为基础的。然而,也有些人认为该模型在金融机构资产负债管理中实际运用起来有种种困难,并对该模型提出了许多批评意见,本文将逐一分析这些问题及解决之道。     

What drives spreads in the euro area government bond market?

Spreads between euro area government bond yields are related to short-term interest rates, which are in turn related to market liquidity, to cyclical conditions, and to investors' incentives to take risk. In theory, lower interest rates are associated with lower degrees of risk aversion and smaller government bond spreads. Empirically, the Eurosystem's short-term interest rates are positively related to those spreads, which our econometric model finds to include significant and policy-relevant default risk and liquidity risk components.
— Simone Manganelli and Guido Wolswijk     

基于联盟成员风险偏好组合的技术外包激励机制研究

本文假定在技术外包过程中联盟成员具有风险中性、风险规避等不同的风险偏好,在此基础上区分了技术外包方与技术提供方的4类风险偏好组合,建立了委托-代理模型,考察了联盟成员的不同风险态度对技术提供方的提成比例、努力水平及技术外包方收益结果的影响,并给出了在联盟成员不同风险偏好组合下的最优激励合同。     

Commodity futures contracts: Furnishing an elastic currency in the nineteenth century

In this paper, I show that nineteenth century US interest rates are relatively more volatile before 1874 and I propose, and demonstrate how, commodity futures trading is the likely principal proximate explanation for this change in behavior. Borrowing from Turnovsky [Econometrica 51 (1983) 1363], I model the optimizing behaviors of risk averse producers and risk neutral speculators in the absence and presence of futures contracts and I show that, so long as one party to a futures contract was risk averse, futures markets would have quelled interest rate volatility caused by variations in planting and harvesting conditions.     

The relevance of supply shocks for inflation: the spanish case

A retrenchment in crossborder credit is under way, the product of both market forces and political pressure on international banks to lend at home (Economist, 2009). In addition, banks, particularly the largest, have also dramatically expanded their retail banking operations over the past few years (Hirtle and Stiroh, 2007). Our goal, in this article, is to study the effects of default risk on equity returns through bank interest margin management under a renewed focus on domestic retail banking, a trend often attributed to the stability of banking activities. Specifically, this article explores the determinants of optimal bank interest margins based on an option-based firm-theoretical model with multiple sources of structural breaks due to political pressure. The model demonstrates how capital regulation and political pressure on foreign lending return and risk conditions jointly determine the optimal bank interest margin decision. We show that a more stringent capital requirement is linked with lower equity return, but higher default risk of the bank in the return to domestic retail banking. An increased focus on the political pressure on foreign lending return is linked with higher equity return and default risk of the bank. It is also showed that an increased focus on the political pressure on foreign lending risk decreases the bank's equity return and default risk. We conclude that the return to domestic retail banking may be a relatively stable activity when the political pressure decision impacts only the expected risk of the bank's foreign lending and not the return.     

Interest Rate Policy and Incentives of State-Owned Enterprises in the Transitional China

Despite many criticisms and high inflation expectations, China has maintained a low interest rate policy since the beginning of her economic reform. Reasons for this persistent underpricing of credit have not yet been fully understood. In this paper we present a formal model that incorporates the notion that the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are able to influence not only the return, but also the risk, of their investments. In this two-dimensional moral hazard model, we investigate the SOEs’ optimal choices of effort and risk, and how they might be affected by changes in interest rates, taxes, and the firms’ self-financing. Our results suggest that there are solid incentive-based reasons for the low interest rate policy in China.     

Volatility spillovers and the global financial cycle across economies: Evidence from a global semi-structural model

The paper provides some evidence on the relevance of global uncertainty and risk aversion and the lesser importance of US interest rates for the global financial and business cycles. As framework, we use a global semi-structural model augmented with financial and trade interlinkages. Financial interlinkages are modelled with proposed global uncertainty, global risk aversion and global financial cycle channels. Trade interlinkages are modelled with proposed value-chain trade equations. We find that global uncertainty and global risk aversion are, by far, the main volatility factors in all economies. Other volatility factors such as US interest rates, foreign interest rates and trade-related factors rarely explain shares of forecast error variance above one percent.     

基于政企双主体动态博弈模型的中小企业技术创新问题分析

以信息经济学中的委托代理理论为基础,构建了一个政企双主体动态博弈模型,研究政府与中小企业创新激励之间的理论关系。在此基础上,着重分析了政府的利益偏好、中小企业创新行为的不确定性以及道德风险等因素对激励中小企业进行技术创新的影响,从而得出政府在激励中小企业积极进行技术创新时,要努力降低中小企业的边际成本,保证其经济效益;同时还要健全相关的法律法规,降低技术创新外部环境的不确定性等结论。最后综合上述博弈模型的分析,提出促进中小企业技术创新的针对性建议。     

开放经济条件下公司使用利率互换的动机

在开放经济条件下,以公司为背景,对利率互换的使用动机进行研究。给出了一个利率互换对利率风险控制作用的信息经济学解释,证明了利用利率互换,有利于公司利率风险暴露的降低,尤其是在债务融资时同时使用利率互换可以有效控制利率风险并减少融资成本。     

中国利率期限结构的非线性动态调整:基于MS-VECM模型的研究途径

基于MS-VECM模型对预期理论调整作用下的中国利率期限结构非线性动态过程进行的实证研究,结果表明:预期理论在中国利率期限结构中是成立的;中国利率期限结构具有两区制的非线性动态特征,可以按预期理论的调整强度将两种区制分别描述为"强调整区制"与"弱调整区制";不同期限利率的平均变动幅度和平均风险溢价水平会随区制状态变化而发生变化,具有区制相依性,区制间的转移具有非对称性;利率期限结构与物价压力的非线性区制划分具有相似性,物价波动是利率期限结构非线性动态变化的重要原因。     

航空意外险感知风险与购买意愿关系研究

航空意外险是一种非强制性保险产品,产品的销售取决于顾客的购买意愿,而购买意愿又与顾客的感知风险相关联.本文在文献研究基础上,将时间风险、功能风险、财务风险、社会风险四个维度作为感知风险变量,同时引入客户保险产品认知度这一调节变量,构建感知风险与购买意愿分析模型,并对调查数据进行实证分析,最后提出相关建议.研究结论显示:首先,时间风险、功能风险、财务风险对购买意愿有显著的负相关,而社会风险则对购买意愿无显著影响;其次,保险产品高认知顾客与航空意外险购买意愿正相关,而一般认知顾客与购买意愿无显著性关系;最后,顾客介入程度这一调节变量仅对功能风险起到调节作用,顾客的功能风险与航空意外险的购买意愿显著相关.     

The Term Structure of Interest Differentials in a Target Zone with Time-varying Devaluation Risk

We extend Svensson's (1991b) analysis of the term structure of interest rate differentials in a target zone. First, the model includes a time-varying devaluation risk, and second, we analyse the term structure of interest differentials vis-a-vis Germany in five countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy and the Netherlands. In our sample, 1983–1993, we differentiate between stable and unstable periods. The findings for Denmark and the Netherlands, and for Belgium in the relatively stable period are broadly in line with Svensson's theory, whereas the other results are more in accordance with the model that allows for a time-varying devaluation risk.
(J.E.L. E43, F31).