药品专利保护指标体系构建及其应用（一）

构建一个药品专利保护强度指标体系，并对药品专利保护强度进行客观的测量，不仅是经济学研究的基础，也是对各类理论模型加以验证的前提条件，更为重要的是，可以借此进行药品专利保护强度的国际比较。本研究遵循药品专利保护强度应是立法强度与执法强度综合的原则，构连了由2个一级指标、11个二级指标以及37个三级指标组成的药品专利保护指标体系。     

药品专利保护指标体系构建及其应用（二）

构建一个药品专利保护强度指标体系，并对药品专利保护强度进行客观的测量，不仅是经济学研究的基础，也是对各类理论模型加以验证的前提条件，更为重要的是，可以借此进行药品专利保护强度的国际比较，本研究遵循药品专利保护强度应是立法强度与执法强度综合的原则，构建了由2个一级指标、11个二级指标以及37个三级指标组成的药品专利保护指标体系。     

我国的药品专利强制许可制度

专利在药品市场中扮演着重要角色.据美国著名经济学家曼斯菲尔德研究分析和调查统计,如果没有专利保护,药品发明有60%研究不出来,有65%不会被利用[1].专利制度激励了新药投资、保证了新药研发,但有时因为专利持有人行使独占权和排他权而导致药品价格居高不下,致使包括我国在内的发展中国家的患者很难获得廉价的治疗药物.而专利强制许可制度能够有效地解决药品专利权保护与增加药品可获得性之间的矛盾.本文通过对专利强制许可制度的介绍,结合药品专利强制许可在发展中国家的新实践,提出推动我国药品专利强制许可制度实施的策略.……     

专利药品上市后的价格调整问题与策略

为完善我国专利药品价格管理提供参考,特研究国外专利药品定价调整方法,总结各国专利药品价格调整的方式和经验,提出我国专利药品上市后的价格调整方法．     

新上市专利药的定价方法

目的为完善我国新上市专利药品价格管理提供参考,特研究新上市专利药品定价方法。方法总结我国现阶段专利药品价格管理方式,讨论不足之处。结果与讨论提出药物经济学定价的方法。     

2008年专利到期药品数据分析

目的通过对2008年美国和中国专利到期药品数据的分析,提出目前我国仿制药业的机遇与挑战.方法从Pharmaproject数据库和中国国家知识产权局专利数据库中抽取2008年中美两国专利到期药品数据,并利用分类统计和对比分析的方法对此进行分析.结果2008年美国市场有50种药品专利到期,中国市场有11种药品专利到期.结论中国仿制药业应注重非专利药所针对疾病类型及新型药物剂型的开发.     

专利药实施差别定价策略研究

医药行业存在药品专利保护和可及性的冲突，即一方面要对新药实施专利保护以鼓励制药企业积极投入新药研发，另一方面专利保护给上市的新药制定高昂价格的可能，又阻碍了很多患者获得新药的机会，降低了新药可及性，这就造成了药品专利保护与可及性的冲突。     

德法两国仿制药品市场发展的比较分析

目的 分析德国、法国仿制药品发展的影响因素.方法 对比分析专利保护、定价、报销政策、处方替换和处方预算制度这五个因素对德法两国仿制药品发展的影响.结果 和结论 低廉的药品价格和专利法规是阻碍法国市场发展的关键因素,加强教育和鼓励医生在处方中使用药品通用名称有助于促进仿制药品市场发展.在德国,随着仿制药品市场的成熟,参照价格体系的作用越来越不明显,医生的处方行为将是影响市场发展的关键因素.     

药品专利保护与基本药物可及性的矛盾分析及对策

目的：分析基本药物可及性和药品专利保护的矛盾问题，并提出对策。方法：基于人权和私权的关系，运用马克思主义哲学中有关矛盾的理论，结合公平性和经济效率等理由分析矛盾双方的优先性问题。结果：基本药物可及性作为维护公共健康这一基本人权的重要手段理应优先于药品专利保护，但后者作为一种私权不能被随意剥夺、结论：政府部门应制定政策在确保基本药物可及性的基础上合理保护药品专利。     

专利战略在华禧联合科技药品研发中的应用

药品研发的生命周期（从研发到上市）至少要经过10年的时间，但是药品的复制却并不复杂，可能只需要几个人几个月的时间，因此专利的保护对药品就显得特别重要，可以说专利是药品唯一的保护手段。北京华禧联合科技发展有限公司自成立以来就十分注重药物研发中的创新，通过专利的手段对研发过程中的创新进行定义与保护。     

资本市场压力与企业策略性专利行为:卖空机制的视角

创新是一种不确定性高且周期长的投资活动,需要风险偏好更大、对失败容忍更高的市场环境,而资本市场具有筛选和发现创新型企业、有效分散创新风险的功能,因而对创新活动起着关键作用。然而,中国资本市场短期投资者比例高,融券交易成本高且交易不活跃,加上专利评价体系对不同质量的专利区分度较低,导致资本市场压力对创新活动没有发挥出信息机制和治理机制两种效应。相反,资本市场压力带来的负面信息表达渠道和管理层短期业绩压力,造成了中国专利申请中存在“重数量、轻质量”“重申请、轻维护”的企业策略性专利行为所衍生的“专利泡沫”问题。本文采用中国融资融券制度作为准自然实验,考察卖空机制对企业创新的影响效应和作用机理。研究发现,企业面临卖空压力时会更加积极地申请专利,但专利的申请质量有所下降,表现为专利授权率降低;专利结构有所恶化,最终授权数增加的主要是容易研发、授权快的实用新型专利和外观设计专利;专利得到授权后,企业放弃缴纳维持费用以终止专利权。这些策略性专利行为在短期内可以减少企业的卖空交易量,推高企业市值,但长期看对企业的业绩没有积极影响,是一种“创新假象”。卖空机制主要通过施压机制来影响企业创新,管理层业绩压力、外部监督压力、股价信息传递压力越大的企业,在面临卖空威慑时更有动力进行策略性专利行为。为促进企业创新向高质量发展,需要进一步完善融资融券制度和专利评价体系。     

施工质量管理绩效评估体系构建的研究

要全面、正确地衡量施工阶段的建筑质量管理绩效,就必须科学、合理的选择多种绩效指标,形成一个完整的施工阶段建筑质量管理绩效评估体系。通过对施工阶段建筑质量管理绩效内涵与结构的分析,明确界定了施工阶段建筑质量管理绩效的概念,从施工前的施工准备阶段、施工中阶段和施工后竣工验收前3个阶段遴选了31个评价指标,并运用隶属度分析、相关分析和鉴别力分析对评估指标进行实证筛选,进而建立了施工阶段建筑质量管理绩效评估体系并进行信度检验。     

Technology Innovation Indicators

Abstract
A survey of the US patent database has yielded indicators to trends in technology innovations. Three types of indicator were developed, namely technology maturity, growth potential and product vs process innovations. The patent data show how innovations in one technology area are linked to other technologies and a measure of these links was incorporated into the above trend indicators. Results have a wide range of applications, including assessment of technological opportunities and helping a company in the analysis of strategic alternatives.     

Patent validity and the timing of settlements

We study the timing of settlement in patent disputes, accounting for an alleged infringer’s search for evidence to challenge patent validity. Early settlements are more likely reached when the disputed patent has a low quality, and late settlements take place when the alleged infringer finds strong evidence that challenges patent validity. Thus, there is a tendency to settle disputes over patents that would have likely been invalidated in court. Fee shifting induces more early settlements, and when parties did not settle early, a higher expenditure on invalidating the patent. Our model sheds light on disputes involving patent assertion entities.     

Communication as a determinant of organizational innovation

This study of 32 small and medium-sized industrial enterprises explored eight distinct aspects of communication, as appraised by the staff ( n  = 493), and innovative performance, assessed by two indicators: perceived innovation effectiveness and patent statistics obtained from the Patent Register at the National Board of Patents and Registration of Trademarks. The results showed that intra-organizational aspects of communication, such as encouragement of initiatives and critical evaluation of performance, were associated with both indicators of innovative performance. In addition, a participative climate and interaction between the personnel in R&D, marketing and production were related to perceived innovative effectiveness, whereas interaction with clients and other firms related to the number of patents in the organization. The link between communication and innovation was interdependent with the organizational and staff characteristics including the number of personnel, administrative and R&D intensity, the level of vocational training, and the age distribution of the staff.     

The influence of primary task on R&D laboratory evaluation: a comparative bibliometric analysis

Abstract
After reviewing the various approaches to R&D evaluation, the author concludes that a taxonomic approach combining organizational and bibliometric indicators offers a valid option to assess the quality of research. Fifty-three laboratories around the world in 17 technical fields were investigated using organizational, publication and bibliometric variables.
A taxonomy of six clusters of laboratories with distinct primary tasks, organizational attributes and outputs emerged. Scientific publications are by-products of research outputs. Within each cluster of laboratories, a wide range of bibliometric indicators make it possible to identify high and low performers in terms of research quality.
Bibliometric indicators, it is concluded, gain by being associated with comparative organizational assessments to evaluate laboratories with similar primary tasks and scientific fields.     

Measuring the effect of M&A on patenting quantity and quality

I explore the effect of M&A on the patenting quantity and quality of the firms involved in a deal. Three measures of quality are considered: impact, generality, and originality. The impact of a patent denotes its influence on future inventions. Generality refers to a patent's applicability across technological fields. Finally, the originality of a patent indicates the extent to which an invention synthesizes diverse technological inputs. Applying a matching estimator to data from the U.S. ‘medical devices and photographic equipment’ industry from 1988 to 1996, I find that M&A have a positive effect on patenting output, but decrease patent impact, originality, and generality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Patent Quality and a Two‐Tiered Patent System

In this paper, we study the determinants of patent quality and volume of patent applications when inventors care about perceived patent quality. We analyze the effects of various policy reforms, specifically, a proposal to establish a two‐tiered patent system. In the two‐tiered system, applicants can choose between a regular patent and a more costly, possibly more thoroughly examined, ‘gold‐plate’ patent. Introducing a second patent‐tier can reduce patent applications, reduce the incidence of bad patents, and sometimes increase social welfare. The gold‐plate tier attracts inventors with high ex‐ante probability of validity, but not necessarily applicants with innovations of high economic value.