德国Linde公司建造生物柴油副产甘油制氢示范装置

美国Argonne国家实验室科学家们研发了一种环境友好、选择性高的丙烷脱氢制丙烯铂基催化剂。研究人员证明了该新型催化剂对丙烷氧化脱氢的催化活性是先前研究的铂和钒催化剂的40～100倍,且可维持丙烯的高选择性,并降低其他副产物的收率。     

丙烷脱氢制丙烯的技术经济性探讨

丙烯是一种重要的化工原料，是三大合成材料的基本原料，主要用于生产聚丙烯、丙烯腈、乙丙烯、丙酮和环氧丙烷等，丙烯在酸性催化剂的存在下发生聚合反应，生成多聚体的混合物，可以用来提高汽油的辛烷值。通常采用丙烷催化脱氢制取丙烯，丙烯的产率可达74％-86％。通过对比常见的几种丙烷脱氢制丙烯的技术，再结合我国的基本情况，进行该项技术经济性的分析和探讨。     

丙烯的几种新型生产技术

（1）丙烷脱氢制丙烯。世界上主要丙烷脱氢技术包括U0P公司的Oleflex工艺、ABBLummus公司的Catofin工艺、伍德公司的Star工艺、Snamprogetti／Yarsintz公司的FBD工艺、LindeAG／巴斯夫公司的PDH工艺等。UOP公司的Oleflex工艺采用铂基催化剂,氢作为原料的稀释剂,丙烷连续地选择性脱氢转化为丙烯。Oleflex工艺的单程反应转化率随反应条件改变,一般在35％～65％,     

增产丙烯途径的技术经济比较

介绍了增产丙烯的三种工艺;结合蒸汽裂解装置增产丙烯（烯烃置换工艺、ＭＯＩ工艺）丙烷脱氢工艺、ＦＣＣ装置增产丙烯,进行技术经济比较,认为结合乙烯裂解装置增产丙烯的工艺是一条最有前途的工艺路线,但对我国来说,选择ＦＣＣ增产丙烯的工艺最为合理。     

制备丙烯新路线的专利

目前丙烯开发的路线包括丙烷脱氢、烯烃歧化、丁烯（C4）和C5馏分选择性裂解、甲醇制烯烃（MTO）、甲醇制丙烯（MTP）以及改进FCC工艺。通过近期的专利浏览发现有新的方法正在开发之中,其开发的重点是“绿色丙烯”和“生物丙烯”路线。例如,日本三井化学公司已经获得欧洲专利申请,该专利详细描述了3种制备“生物丙烯”的方法：①发酵乙醇脱水制乙烯,将生物乙烯二聚得到生物丁烯,再将生物乙烯和生物丁烯歧化为生物丙烯。     

国内丙烷脱氢项目市场前景并不乐观

国内2015年之前投产的丙烷脱氢项目能获得可观的利润,2015年之后丙烷脱氢能否盈利,关键在于能否获得长期、稳定、相对低廉的丙烷资源以及下游产业链的延伸深加工.目前全球来自蒸汽裂解装置和催化裂化装置的丙烯产能占总产能的比例已从2001年的97％下降至87％左右,而丙烷脱氢、烯烃歧化和甲醇制烯烃等以丙烯为目标产品的装置产能已从2001年的3％上升至目前的13％左右,其中来自丙烷脱氢（PDH）装置的丙烯产能约占总产能的6.2％,成为全球丙烯的第三来源.     

丙烷脱氢(PDH)制丙烯工艺装置危险性分析及对策

丙烷脱氢(PDH)制丙烯已成为丙烯的重要增产来源,该工艺技术生产过程蕴含着很大的火灾、爆炸事故风险。文章对采用Catofin技术的生产装置工艺过程潜在的危险性进行分析,并针对性探讨了相关安全技术对策,以降低装置风险,提高工艺安全技术水平。     

国外丙烯生产技术最新进展及技术经济比较

鉴于常规蒸汽裂解和催化裂化装置的丙烯产量难以解决丙烯短缺问题,欧美一些大石油公司正在研究开发增产丙烯的新工艺.按照丙烯为副产品的技术路线和丙烯为主产品的技术路线,介绍了多产丙烯的催化裂化、烯烃相互转化、丙烷脱氢、烯烃复分解及甲醇制烯烃等各工艺的最新进展,并对各工艺的经济性进行了比较分析.最后从近期、中期、远期对我国增产丙烯提出了建议.     

丙烯:产能猛增需求低迷

2012年,由于需求萎缩,丙烯整体市场疲软,行情低迷.展望2013年,一方面丙烯下游市场需求持续萎缩;另一方面,众多企业竞相上马丙烷脱氢制丙烯、甲醇制丙烯等专产丙烯装置,同时石化企业加快推进大型裂解装置建设,业内人士忧虑,2013年,丙烯市场改观的可能性不大,仍将延续低迷行情.     

丙烷脱氢制丙烯的技术经济性探讨

2011年,全球丙烯消费量高达9000万吨,中国丙烯当量消费2250万吨以上,产量1380万吨。按目前我国规划中丙烯的产能,原料丙烷需求量未来3年将激增。现有的供应工艺条件下丙烯增产潜力有限,传统工艺增产丙烯所面临的瓶颈也逐渐凸显,无法满足日益增长的丙烯需求。丙烷脱氢(PDH)作为丙烯增产的新技术之一,其发展速度之快、发展潜力之大倍受瞩目。我国在建或规划中的PDH装置1000万吨左右,面临着技术、原料等问题的困扰。因此,从工艺到原料,再到下游项目的配置均应理性思考。     

国内外乙苯脱氢催化剂供需分析

通过对国内外乙苯脱氢催化剂市场需求、主要生产企业、填装量、工业应用牌号、应用业绩及进出口量等的分析,认为全球苯乙烯产能增长主要集中在亚洲和中东地区,我国是苯乙烯增产最快的国家,国内乙苯脱氢催化剂需求旺盛。未来随着我国苯乙烯新装置的陆续建成,我国苯乙烯的生产能力以及对乙苯脱氢催化剂的需求量也将随之增加,乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯催化剂市场前景良好。     

几种工业乙酸乙酯制备方法的技术经济对比

乙酸乙酯是应用最广泛的脂肪酸酯之一，其制备方法有乙酸酯化法，乙醛缩合法，乙烯加成法和乙醇脱氢法等，相对比，乙醛缩合法生产乙酸乙酯路线投资低，成本也较低，较适合乙醛富裕地区投资生产。     

对电网企业公司发展规划工作的几点看法

分析了电网企业编制公司发展规划的重要意义,研究了电网企业规划工作的体系结构,提出了公司发展规划的主要工作内容,并对编制公司发展规划工作所应遵循的基本原则进行了探讨,希望能够为电网企业编制公司发展规划提供有益的参考。     

生物柴油制备方法的研究进展

生物柴油作为一种绿色的可再生能源,正逐步成为替代化石能源的研究热点。其制备分物理和化学两大类,在化学法中尤以酯交换法工业应用最为广泛。重点讨论了不同催化剂及其工艺路线下,酸、碱催化剂和生物酶等3种催化剂在酯交换过程中的应用,并对这些制备方法的优劣进行了初步的总结。     

城网建设与改造项目财务评价方法研究

介绍了城网建设与改造工程特点及在编写可行性研究报告时采用的财务评价方法,分析了目前评价方法的不足,提出了将"有、无比较法"用于城网建设与改造工程财务评价,并说明了它的优势。     

University Commercialization Strategies in the Development of Regional Bioclusters*

To analyze university contribution to economic development, the present study examines universities' technology transfer policies and their associated economic development impact. The article examines how a university defines itself as part of a region as well as what activities, if any, do university commercialization strategies in context of their regional environment affect spin‐off activity. Furthermore, this study explores the ways universities contribute to regional economic development by examining existing theories and analyzing universities' relationships with both government and industry in two regions. This study draws from Roberts and Malone's (1996) selectivity–support typology and highlights this article's argument by comparing the commercialization strategies of world‐class universities strategies in the development of regional biotechnology clusters in Massachusetts and in Connecticut. This article investigates the notion of whether universities can differently influence the economic development processes of the while still having successful commercial outcomes. These findings build on previous research ( Clarysse et al., 2005; Degroof and Roberts, 2004; Powers and McDougall, 2005 ), which argues that low support–low selectivity policies may be more suitable to entrepreneurially developed environments, whereas high support–high selectivity policies are more efficient in entrepreneurially underdeveloped environments. Masachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is located in a strong technopole region, whereby many of its support structures for spin‐off formation are provided by the regional infrastructure of the Cambridge–Boston region. In contrast, Yale University, which has an underdeveloped entrepreneurial context, has had to take a more proactive role in providing incubation capabilities to their spin‐off projects. This finding supports a contingent based perspective of academic entrepreneurship, whereby low support–low selectivity policies are more fitted to entrepreneurially developed environments, whereas high support–high selectivity policies are more efficient in entrepreneurially underdeveloped environments.     

Gendered paths to technology leadership

Results indicate that more than men, women aspiring technology leaders are heeding expert advice by assuming roles that focus less on technology and more on business and change management. The stereotype that women are better at working with people may be working in their favour in preparing them for advancement.     

Heuristics in customer‐supplier interaction

In customer-supplier relationships individuals representing respective companies interact to solve a number of adaptive problems and how the relationships will develop depends on the solutions they jointly devise. Their interactive meetings are characterized by conditions of limited time, information, and processing capacity that render extensive information gathering and analytical cognitive elaboration impracticable and lead the individual actors to adopt behaviors based on rules and heuristics. In this paper, we review the extant literature on heuristics in management and present the findings of an exploratory study on the use of heuristics in interactions in customer-supplier relationships. We found that preparing for meetings and during them actors use six sets of heuristics. Heuristics used in interaction during the meetings concern the degree of adaptation to the specific counterpart, how to react to unexpected developments, and a general code of conduct. In preparing for meetings, heuristics are used to define the information to collect, its sources, and how to use it. Our study suggests heuristics used are personal, originate in both organizational norms and personal experience, and are seldom shared with others.     

结晶山梨醇的制备

介绍了在实验室制备结晶山梨醇的方法,把乙醇加入饱和山梨醇溶液中,通过降低混合溶液的温度,使山梨醇晶体析出,并根据工业生产的实际要求,用70%(质量分数)和95%(质量分数)的乙醇进行结晶实验,结果表明,在38℃时,恒温1h,放料抽滤后,可得到收率为757%的山梨醇晶体。