中美两国药品加速审评程序之比较分析

本文整理了美国药品加速审评程序的历史源流,分析了美国快车道审评程序的适用条件、申请程序,讨论了美国其他促进加速审评的机制,并对中美两国的相应制度进行了比较和分析.     

通用dBASEⅢ数据库查询程序的设计与实现

本文介绍了一个通用 dBASEⅢ数据库查询程序的设计思想,程序结构与实现技术。该程序利用了软件可重用技术,数据与程序相分离的程序设计技术,对其它通用程序的设计也是一种有益的启发。一、引言在一般的管理信息系统中,查询是必不可少的重     

利用DEBUG给计算机加把锁

编制了一个口令校验程序,并通过修改BIOS中的入口,与上述口令校验程序连接达到检验身分的目的。     

民用飞机管路维修程序编制研究

管路是民用飞机上必不可少的部件,管路的维修质量对民用飞机的安全有直接影响。通过研究S1000D规范要求,以及国外成熟机型管路维修程序的编制特点,结合国内某机型管路维修程序的更改完善经验,对管路维修程序的编制进行研究,明确了管路维修程序应符合的编写规范及程序范围,提出制定管路维修程序清单的原则。设计管路维修程序类型的内容,以及定义程序编制的四个阶段及其工作内容。     

商标评审当事人的确定和变更

商标评审当事人是指启动或参与商标评审程序,承担评审权利义务,并受评审结果拘束的人。商标评审程序作为依申请而启动的行政程序,无当事人即无评审程序。本文讨论如何确定适格的评审当事人、评审当事人变更在商标评审程序以及后续的商标行政诉讼程序中的法律意义。     

变流量供热控制系统的设计与实现

在分析了供热系统中变量间的耦合关系的基础上,根据变流量供热系统的控制要求,提出了在有效解耦的前提下,将供热系统分解为几个子系统分别控制的基本控制策略,设计了供热系统的控制方案。介绍了以工控机为上位机、PLC为下位机的硬件配置和软件设计方法,给出了程序流程图,详细说明了PID控制程序和定时中断程序的设计。     

应用宏程序编制轧辊磨削加工程序的实用方法

介绍瓦楞纸轧辊磨床的动作顺序,对加工程序的要求,加工程序的编制原则,用变量和宏程序编制柔性磨削加工程序的方法和实用的磨削加工程序。     

堆芯通量测绘算法的改进研究

本文阐述了堆芯通量测绘程序的算法原理,并从该程序在某些工况下计算结果发散的问题出发,分析了问题产生的原因,并通过研究给出了有效的解决方法.     

DNC系统的构建与应用

构建基于以太网的DNC机床联网系统,与企业局域网联接,实现数控设备网络化管理,程序经验得以充分保存,数控程序可重复利用率得到提高;数控设备的网络化管理,数控程序的集中编制、版本控制、加工仿真、NC程序的下载与上传等规范化管理,提高了工作效率;数控机床运行信息的实时采集,为合理安排数控机床作业提供了数据支持,提高了数控机床的利用率。     

如何提交马德里国际注册申请

马德里国际注册程序为申请人进行国际商标注册带来了很大的便利,本刊特从本期起陆续对马德里国际注册的相关程序做一简介。     

The locating of emotion within a creative, learning and product orientated design and technology experience: person, process, product

Within this paper, a conceptualised triadic schema is hypothesised for locating emotion within a creative, learning and product orientated Design and Technology experience. The research is based upon an extensive literature review that has been synthesised and juxtaposed with the broad aspirational aims of the subject. The schema, based upon abductive reasoning and grounded theory, ultimately conceptualises the overarching theme of emotion within a creative, learning and product orientated Design and Technology experience within the Primary and Secondary stages of England’s education system. The triadic schema offers an additional opportunity in meta-theorising how the broad aspirational aims of the subject, as outlined in the English national curriculum statement of importance for Design and Technology, can be achieved through recognising the powerful overarching concept of emotion within three emerging domains: Person, Process and Product. The central tenet of this paper is the recognition of emotion within a triadic schema for meta-theorising the place of emotion within a creative, learning and product orientated Design and Technology experience. David Spendlove was previously a senior teacher in secondary education before moving into Higher Education and is now the subject leader for Design and Technology at the University of Manchester. He co-edits both Design and Technology Education: An international Journal and the DATA international research conference proceedings. He is a director of the Design and Technology Association and his research interests are broadly based around learning, pedagogy, creativity, emotion and gender.     

Rethinking country effects: robotics,AI and work futures in Norway and the UK

Current debates around robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) are dominated by concerns over the threat to employment, amid widely varying estimates of potential job losses. Countries are expected to fare differently, but there is little comparative research that goes beyond analysing industry and occupational structures. This article rethinks ‘country effects’ by exploring the role of institutions and social actors in shaping technological change in Norway and the UK. Drawing upon interviews with technology experts, employer associations and trade unions, it examines their perspectives on public policy support for the development and diffusion of robotics and AI, along with potential consequences for employment, work and skills. The research indicates significant country differences and the continued relevance of institutions, interests and power in analysing country effects.     

New new technologies: the future and the present of work in information and communication technology

This paper outlines a selection of technological and organisational developments in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector and analyses their likely challenges for workers and trade unions around the globe. It addresses the convergence of telecommunications and information technology, the related developments of ubiquitous computing, ‘clouds’ and ‘big data’, and the possibilities of crowdsourcing and relates these technologies to the last decades' patterns of value chain restructuring. The paper is based on desk research of European and international sources, on sector analyses and technology forecasts by, for instance, the European Union and Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, and some national actors. These prognoses are analysed through the lens of recent research into ICT working environments and ICT value chains, identifying upcoming and ongoing challenges for both workers and unions, and outlining possible research perspectives.     

Social protection 2.0: Exploring issues, evidence and debates in a globalizing world

This paper reviews the growing literature on social protection. While not new, the concept evolved remarkably in recent years. It is approached from a multitude of perspectives, and intersects with broader bodies of literature – particularly around public policy, pro-poor growth, rights, humanitarian strategies, and aid effectiveness – as well as feeding into specific programmatic issues (e.g. conditionality, targeting and transfer selection). This blend of challenges and approaches has often made debates elusive and polarized. The paper examines the evolution and definitions of social protection, and unbundles critical policy, institutional and implementation quandaries. Taken together, these considerations shape a set of context-specific models of social protection. The paper’s five core conclusions may help chart future directions for social protection research and practice.     

The growing complexity of content delivery networks: Challenges and implications for the Internet ecosystem

Since the commercialization of the Internet, content and related applications, including video streaming, news, advertisements, and social interaction have moved online. It is broadly recognized that the rise of all of these different types of content (static and dynamic, and increasingly multimedia) has been one of the main forces behind the phenomenal growth of the Internet, and its emergence as essential infrastructure for how individuals across the globe gain access to the content sources they want. To accelerate the delivery of diverse content in the Internet and to provide commercial-grade performance for video delivery and the Web, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) were introduced. This paper describes the current CDN ecosystem and the forces that have driven its evolution. We outline the different CDN architectures and consider their relative strengths and weaknesses. Our analysis highlights the role of location, the growing complexity of the CDN ecosystem, and their relationship to and implications for interconnection markets.     

Conflict handling, trust and commitment in outsourcing relationship: A Chinese and Indian study

This paper presents a theoretical and empirical model that identifies conflict handling typologies which affect trust and commitment in B2B outsourcing relationship. Three typologies of conflict handling namely integrating, accommodating and compromising were examined for their effects on trust and commitment of Chinese and Indian human resource (HR) outsourcing service providers. The paper also considered the moderating effect of culture in the relationship. Data was collected from Chinese and Indian firms providing HR outsourcing services and analyzed using factor and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. We found both similarities and dissimilarities in the outcomes of the study. Specifically, conflict handling styles are significantly associated with trust and commitment. Trust mediates in the association of conflict handling styles with commitment. The impact of compromising conflict handling on trust and commitment is moderated by culture — significantly higher for the Chinese service providers compared to the Indians. Culture has also a direct impact on commitment but not on trust. Theoretical, cultural and managerial implications of the findings are presented.     

Problem Solving in Real-Life Contexts: An Alternative for Design in Technology Education

This article focuses on one way to study technology, through technological problem solving situated in real-life contexts. In problem solving for real-life contexts, design processes are seen as creative, dynamic and iterative processes that engage exploration; join conceptual and procedural knowledge-both thought and action; and can encourage considerations to technology, human and environmental interactions. This approach is a demarcation from what is typically found in schools; design, make and appraise cycles based on closed design briefs that are teacher assigned and unrelated to the students' world. An interpretation of technology education as problem solving for real-life contexts using design processes as tools for creation and exploration offers an alternative approach to design in technology education. Alternative curriculum and instruction then emerge. Elementary and secondary school programs in technology education and teacher education can all be seen through this kind of design lens. Episodes from case studies are reported with the intent to briefly describe technology education programs in elementary and secondary schools that interpret technology education in this way. Educational implications of this approach are offered. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Agricultural technologies for climate change in developing countries: Policy options for innovation and technology diffusion

Climate has obvious direct effects on agricultural production. The reverse is more apparent than ever as greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture are tallied. The development and effective diffusion of new agricultural practices and technologies will largely shape how and how well farmers mitigate and adapt to climate change. This adaptation and mitigation potential is nowhere more pronounced than in developing countries where agricultural productivity remains low; poverty, vulnerability and food insecurity remain high; and the direct effects of climate change are expected to be especially harsh. Creating the necessary agricultural technologies and harnessing them to enable developing countries to adapt their agricultural systems to changing climate will require innovations in policy and institutions as well. Potential constraints to innovation involve both the private and public sectors in both developing and developed countries. The process of transferring agricultural innovations across agroecological and climatic zones is often subject to agronomic constraints. Often, the most binding constraints occur at the adoption stage, with several factors that potentially impede poor farmers’ access to and use of new technologies. Based on discussions of these constraints, we derive six policy principles and use these principles to suggest several specific investments and policy priorities.     

Market-facing innovation networks: How lead firms partition tasks, share resources and develop capabilities

We focus, in this paper, on ‘market-facing innovation networks’. Rooted in the modular and integrated nature of the products they develop, high levels of product innovation activity are occurring through the behaviours of firms, leading and developing such networks. These lead firms are small and medium enterprises, traditionally tasked with business to business distribution and commercialisation activities. This study enhances our understanding of how task partitioning and resource sharing practices, and their evolution over time, are related to the nature and scope of capabilities of lead firms within the context of market-facing innovation networks. Through a multiple case study methodology, our findings depict and characterise efficiency and relational approaches of lead firms. Outcomes, in terms of firm and network level innovativeness and commercialisation, are discussed. Findings are explained by the tension created by the need to manage on-going routine distribution activities and emergent networked product innovation activities.     

建设工程合同管理的国际比较分析

目前，我国建设工程中合同体系不健全，合同管理水平低。从建设工程合同体系与合同管理两方面进行国际比较分析。合同体系比较分析的内容包括：体系结构、所运用的承包方式、定价方式、本的适用及制订的参与等。合同管理比较分析的内容包括：总分包合同管理、合同的担保与保险，合同的索赔管理，合同的签订与履行等。