中美两国药品加速审评程序之比较分析

本文整理了美国药品加速审评程序的历史源流,分析了美国快车道审评程序的适用条件、申请程序,讨论了美国其他促进加速审评的机制,并对中美两国的相应制度进行了比较和分析.     

通用dBASEⅢ数据库查询程序的设计与实现

本文介绍了一个通用 dBASEⅢ数据库查询程序的设计思想,程序结构与实现技术。该程序利用了软件可重用技术,数据与程序相分离的程序设计技术,对其它通用程序的设计也是一种有益的启发。一、引言在一般的管理信息系统中,查询是必不可少的重     

利用DEBUG给计算机加把锁

编制了一个口令校验程序,并通过修改BIOS中的入口,与上述口令校验程序连接达到检验身分的目的。     

民用飞机管路维修程序编制研究

管路是民用飞机上必不可少的部件,管路的维修质量对民用飞机的安全有直接影响。通过研究S1000D规范要求,以及国外成熟机型管路维修程序的编制特点,结合国内某机型管路维修程序的更改完善经验,对管路维修程序的编制进行研究,明确了管路维修程序应符合的编写规范及程序范围,提出制定管路维修程序清单的原则。设计管路维修程序类型的内容,以及定义程序编制的四个阶段及其工作内容。     

商标评审当事人的确定和变更

商标评审当事人是指启动或参与商标评审程序,承担评审权利义务,并受评审结果拘束的人。商标评审程序作为依申请而启动的行政程序,无当事人即无评审程序。本文讨论如何确定适格的评审当事人、评审当事人变更在商标评审程序以及后续的商标行政诉讼程序中的法律意义。     

变流量供热控制系统的设计与实现

在分析了供热系统中变量间的耦合关系的基础上,根据变流量供热系统的控制要求,提出了在有效解耦的前提下,将供热系统分解为几个子系统分别控制的基本控制策略,设计了供热系统的控制方案。介绍了以工控机为上位机、PLC为下位机的硬件配置和软件设计方法,给出了程序流程图,详细说明了PID控制程序和定时中断程序的设计。     

应用宏程序编制轧辊磨削加工程序的实用方法

介绍瓦楞纸轧辊磨床的动作顺序,对加工程序的要求,加工程序的编制原则,用变量和宏程序编制柔性磨削加工程序的方法和实用的磨削加工程序。     

堆芯通量测绘算法的改进研究

本文阐述了堆芯通量测绘程序的算法原理,并从该程序在某些工况下计算结果发散的问题出发,分析了问题产生的原因,并通过研究给出了有效的解决方法.     

DNC系统的构建与应用

构建基于以太网的DNC机床联网系统,与企业局域网联接,实现数控设备网络化管理,程序经验得以充分保存,数控程序可重复利用率得到提高;数控设备的网络化管理,数控程序的集中编制、版本控制、加工仿真、NC程序的下载与上传等规范化管理,提高了工作效率;数控机床运行信息的实时采集,为合理安排数控机床作业提供了数据支持,提高了数控机床的利用率。     

如何提交马德里国际注册申请

马德里国际注册程序为申请人进行国际商标注册带来了很大的便利,本刊特从本期起陆续对马德里国际注册的相关程序做一简介。     

Configurations of Innovations across Domains: An Organizational Ambidexterity View

How do firms balance explorative and exploitative innovation for superior firm performance? While most prior studies have approached this issue by focusing on technology‐related innovation, the role of balancing exploration and exploitation in other important organizational domains, i.e., marketing, and the interaction effect of ambidexterity across different domains have been overlooked. This study contributes to this line of research by investigating how firms simultaneously balance exploration and exploitation across two critical domains, namely technology innovation and market innovation. The study distinguishes four types of configurations: market leveraging (technology exploration and market exploitation), technology leveraging (technology exploitation and market exploration), pure exploitation (technology exploitation and market exploitation), and pure exploration (technology exploration and market exploration). From an organizational ambidexterity perspective, the current work investigates whether and how these different combinations exert distinctive effects on firm performance. Specifically, the article posits that (a) technology exploration and market exploitation complement each other, and (b) technology exploitation and market exploration also complement each other, such that both market leveraging and technology leveraging strategies have positive effects on firm performance. The article also maintains that such positive relationships are fully mediated by differentiation and low cost advantages. Conversely, it is argued that (c) technology exploration and market exploration conflict with each other, and (d) so do technology exploitation and market exploitation, such that both pure exploration and pure exploitation have negative effects on firm performance. Hypotheses were tested using survey data collected from 292 manufacturing and service firms in China. The results supported most of the hypotheses, except that pure exploration demonstrated no significant relationship with firm performance.     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

Technology and evolving supply chains in the beef and pork industries

The U.S. beef and pork industries have achieved dramatic productivity growth in recent decades; however, the supply chain and market structure of each industry has evolved in different ways. Technological advances have been a key reason for productivity growth, with pharmaceutical innovations playing a major role. This article canvasses the similarities and differences in how beef and pork flow through their respective supply chains and documents the changes, causes, and benefits of the increased efficiency in each industry. Past research is summarized in a broad view of the livestock industry and policy and trade issues are discussed. Such a perspective allows for the consideration of what the future might hold for each industry, and how technological innovation influences product quality, trade, and market structure.     

The locating of emotion within a creative, learning and product orientated design and technology experience: person, process, product

Within this paper, a conceptualised triadic schema is hypothesised for locating emotion within a creative, learning and product orientated Design and Technology experience. The research is based upon an extensive literature review that has been synthesised and juxtaposed with the broad aspirational aims of the subject. The schema, based upon abductive reasoning and grounded theory, ultimately conceptualises the overarching theme of emotion within a creative, learning and product orientated Design and Technology experience within the Primary and Secondary stages of England’s education system. The triadic schema offers an additional opportunity in meta-theorising how the broad aspirational aims of the subject, as outlined in the English national curriculum statement of importance for Design and Technology, can be achieved through recognising the powerful overarching concept of emotion within three emerging domains: Person, Process and Product. The central tenet of this paper is the recognition of emotion within a triadic schema for meta-theorising the place of emotion within a creative, learning and product orientated Design and Technology experience. David Spendlove was previously a senior teacher in secondary education before moving into Higher Education and is now the subject leader for Design and Technology at the University of Manchester. He co-edits both Design and Technology Education: An international Journal and the DATA international research conference proceedings. He is a director of the Design and Technology Association and his research interests are broadly based around learning, pedagogy, creativity, emotion and gender.     

全球石油市场艰难平衡 发展风险加大——2019年国内外油气行业发展概述及2020年展望

2019年,布伦特原油期货均价为64.2美元/桶,同比降幅为10.5%,世界石油市场供应和需求艰难平衡;美国对全球石油市场的掌控力和影响力继续加强;全球油气发现储量大幅增长;油气资产交易量减额增,美国页岩油气资产交易首度降温。中国原油和石油对外依存度首次双破70%,成品油出口量首破5000万吨;油气勘探开发行动计划初见成效,估计原油产量为1.91亿吨,同比约增长1.1%,天然气产量为1738亿立方米,同比约增长9.8%;炼油总能力上升至8.6亿吨/年,民企占比明显提高;油气体制改革力度空前。预计2020年国际油价将维持震荡走势,布伦特原油均价为60~65美元/桶;全球天然气供需总体宽松,天然气价格将保持低位运行;勘探开发投资预计为4756亿美元,同比增长7%;新增产能多,需求增长放缓,乙烯业的运行情况不容乐观;美国页岩油气行业资产交易或将重新活跃。中国上游勘探开发投资继续保持历史高位,原油产量有望达到1.94亿吨,天然气产量上升至1900亿立方米;天然气市场化进程将加快推进;炼油能力过剩形势将更加严峻,乙烯行业利润继续收窄。     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

European consumer preferences for beef with nutrition and health claims: A multi-country investigation using discrete choice experiments

The European Union (EU) nutrition labelling policy aims to facilitate consumers’ food choice, stimulate innovation and facilitate the circulation of foods bearing claims across countries. However, the beef industry has not fully taken advantage of utilizing nutrition and health claims based on the EU nutrition labelling policy to differentiate beef products in the market. This study investigates consumer preferences for nutrition and health claims on lean beef steak. Two choice experiments were conducted among 2400 beef consumers in four EU countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands, United and United Kingdom). Multinomial logit and error component models were estimated. Our results generally suggest that consumer valuation of nutritional and health claims varies across countries. In Belgium, the Netherlands and France, nutrition and health claims on saturated fat yielded higher utilities than claims on protein and/or iron, while the opposite was found among consumers in the UK. The results imply that marketing opportunities related to nutrition and health claims on beef are promising, but that different nutritional marketing strategies are necessary within different countries.     

Rethinking country effects: robotics,AI and work futures in Norway and the UK

Current debates around robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) are dominated by concerns over the threat to employment, amid widely varying estimates of potential job losses. Countries are expected to fare differently, but there is little comparative research that goes beyond analysing industry and occupational structures. This article rethinks ‘country effects’ by exploring the role of institutions and social actors in shaping technological change in Norway and the UK. Drawing upon interviews with technology experts, employer associations and trade unions, it examines their perspectives on public policy support for the development and diffusion of robotics and AI, along with potential consequences for employment, work and skills. The research indicates significant country differences and the continued relevance of institutions, interests and power in analysing country effects.     

New new technologies: the future and the present of work in information and communication technology

This paper outlines a selection of technological and organisational developments in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector and analyses their likely challenges for workers and trade unions around the globe. It addresses the convergence of telecommunications and information technology, the related developments of ubiquitous computing, ‘clouds’ and ‘big data’, and the possibilities of crowdsourcing and relates these technologies to the last decades' patterns of value chain restructuring. The paper is based on desk research of European and international sources, on sector analyses and technology forecasts by, for instance, the European Union and Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, and some national actors. These prognoses are analysed through the lens of recent research into ICT working environments and ICT value chains, identifying upcoming and ongoing challenges for both workers and unions, and outlining possible research perspectives.     

Harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) to increase wellbeing for all: The case for a new technology diplomacy

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) is experiencing a period of intense progress due to the consolidation of several key technological enablers. AI is already deployed widely and has a high impact on work and daily life activities. The continuation of this process will likely contribute to deep economic and social changes. To realise the tremendous benefits of AI while mitigating undesirable effects will require enlightened responses by many stakeholders. Varying national institutional, economic, political, and cultural conditions will influence how AI will affect convenience, efficiency, personalisation, privacy protection, and surveillance of citizens. Many expect that the winners of the AI development race will dominate the coming decades economically and geopolitically, potentially exacerbating tensions between countries. Moreover, nations are under pressure to protect their citizens and their interests—and even their own political stability—in the face of possible malicious or biased uses of AI. On the one hand, these different stressors and emphases in AI development and deployment among nations risk a fragmentation between world regions that threatens technology evolution and collaboration. On the other hand, some level of differentiation will likely enrich the global AI ecosystem in ways that stimulate innovation and introduce competitive checks and balances through the decentralisation of AI development. International cooperation, typically orchestrated by intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations, private sector initiatives, and by academic researchers, has improved common welfare and avoided undesirable outcomes in other technology areas. Because AI will most likely have more fundamental effects on our lives than other recent technologies, stronger forms of cooperation that address broader policy and governance challenges in addition to regulatory and technological issues may be needed. At a time of great challenges among nations, international policy coordination remains a necessary instrument to tackle the ethical, cultural, economic, and political repercussions of AI. We propose to advance the emerging concept of technology diplomacy to facilitate the global alignment of AI policy and governance and create a vibrant AI innovation system. We argue that the prevention of malicious uses of AI and the enhancement of human welfare create strong common interests across jurisdictions that require sustained efforts to develop better, mutually beneficial approaches. We hope that new technology diplomacy will facilitate the dialogues necessary to help all interested parties develop a shared understanding and coordinate efforts to utilise AI for the benefit of humanity, a task whose difficulty should not be underestimated.