洗涤物放置方法对波轮式洗衣机洗净性能测试结果的影响

本研究基于国家标准,规范了波轮式洗衣机洗净性能测试时洗涤物的放置方法,并通过实验数据证明该方法对波轮式洗衣机洗净性能测试稳定性和再现性的提升有明显作用。     

全球最小洗衣机惹人爱

海尔mini洗衣机一问世就通过了吉尼斯世界纪录认证,被认证为“全球最小洗衣机”。同时,它在节能技术上也实现了颠覆性的突破,一个标准洗涤程序最大用水量仅为5L,为普通全自动洗衣机最小用水量的1／10,算下来一杯水就能洗干净一件衣服。     

宁波市洗衣机产业的SWOT分析及发展策略选择

近年来,特别是中国加入WTO后,洗衣机市场竞争日趋激烈,技术更新加快,国外大品牌纷纷涌入,国内外品牌不断整合,宁波市洗衣机产业正面临严峻挑战。本文运用SWOT分析工具,在分析宁波市洗衣机产业优势与劣势的基础上,进一步研究了宁波市洗衣机产业面临的机遇和挑战,最后就宁波市洗衣机产业的进一步持续健康发展提出对策与措施。     

上海市洗衣机市场需求分析报告

本文对2000-2010年上海市洗衣机市场的数据进行整理建模分析后得出结论：在上海市洗衣机市场中,洗衣机平均价格,恩格尔系数对销售量有着显著的影响力,恩格尔系数对销量的影响要大于洗衣机价格水平。     

节水风波——洗衣机市场硝烟再起

今年6月，海尔集团在全国各大媒体上宣传其新产品节水型洗衣机，并公布了检测部门的数据报告，此番轰轰烈烈之势遭到了其它五家洗衣机巨头——小鸭、小天鹅、西门子、松下、荣事达的强烈反感，集体声讨：海尔节水型洗衣机的检测结果不具有权威性。一时间，洗衣机市场烽火连天，愈烧愈旺，我们从电视媒体上可见一斑。     

2004年度品牌强度测试系列报告（洗衣机篇）

中国的洗衣机行业与其他家电产品行业相较，一直处于一个相对平稳并具有优势竞争的环境，以小天鹅、海尔、荣亨达等为代表的洗衣机企业占据了国内洗衣机市场主要份额。本篇洗衣机品牌强度测试报告，从品牌强度测试的6个维度进行测度，通过当前几大洗衣机品牌可比性分析，为洗衣机行业的品牌发展提供有价值的参考。本报告数据以江苏市场为提取样本总体，截止时间为2004年，问卷调查部分共发放问卷500份，回收有效问卷500份。     

洗衣机出口:盯住高端市场

在众多中国家电出口产品中，中国洗衣机是唯一在世界标准制定领域拥有话语权的产品。[编者按]     

新能效标准将执行空调洗衣机或将涨价10％

据京华时报9月30日报道,从明天起．变频空调、平板电视、洗衣机、空气能热水器和吸油娴机等五类家电．将开始执行新的能效标准。家电业内预估,执行新能效标准之后,空调和洗衣机两个品类的产品受影响最大,产品价格将上涨10％左右。     

基于PLC的全自动洗衣机控制系统的设计

洗衣机是大家非常熟悉的一种家用电器,随着科技的进步和人们生活质量的提高以及人们对精神文明的高度追求,全自动洗衣机也揭开了面纱,它以其固有的优点赢得了很多的消费者的信赖,有必要开发和改善现有的全自动洗衣机.根据全自动洗衣机的工作原理,利用可编程控制器实现PLC控制.说明了PLC控制的原理方法、特点及其特色!     

基于蓝牙技术的网络洗衣机程控板设计

介绍了蓝牙技术的基本内容，分析了信息家电的主要功能，并设计和实现了一种基于蓝牙嵌入式模块7708的网络洗衣机程控板。相应的网络洗衣机不仅具备常规洗衣机的全部洗、漂、脱功能，且能通过Internet在远端对其进行监控与维护。     

Changing laundry habits in Norway

Maintenance is often the most energy‐demanding stage during clothes' life cycle. Therefore, a shift towards more sustainable washing habits has great potential to reduce the consumption of energy, water and detergent. This paper discusses the change in laundering practices during the past 10 years in Norway and suggests strategies to help consumers change their laundry habits to more sustainable ones. Quantitative information of consumers' experiences, habits and opinions concerning clothing maintenance was collected through three surveys in Norway in 2002, 2010 and 2011. The 2010 study was supplemented with qualitative in‐depth interviews of a strategic sample of households. The average washing temperature has decreased slightly during the studied time periods. Some products' washing frequencies remained the same, whereas other products such as jeans were used a few more days before washing. The cotton programme is the most used washing programme, but short programmes are gaining popularity. The laundry sorting processes vary greatly and are influenced by several factors such as washing temperature, colours, fibre type and use area. For some consumers, the use of several different sorting categories made it more difficult to collect a sufficient amount of clothing to fill the machine. They were also afraid that overfilling the machine would result in clothes that were not clean enough or had detergent residues. Detergent dosing practices are far from optimal. In 2010, although the majority of respondents only used eye measure and did not know the water hardness of their area, they still tried to vary detergent dosage based on the amount of laundry and the level of soiling. Different design for sustainable behaviour strategies could be used within detergent dosage systems, care labelling, machine programme selection (such as suggesting lower temperature and eco‐programme), machine filling grade indicators, storage systems for slightly used clothing and textile material choice.     

An investigation into aspects of energy labelling with special reference to washing machines

The purpose of this research was to investigate whether the performance of domestic washing machines is adversely affected by reduced levels of energy use. This was felt particularly worthwhile because of the introduction of energy labelling for washing machines in April 1996. Results were determined by conducting tests derived from BS EN 60456. This research also aimed to discover consumer awareness of energy labelling and factors likely to influence the future purchase of washing machines. The results indicate that washing performance may be adversely affected by lower levels of energy consumption and that washing machines with a higher energy consumption achieve a better washing performance. From the survey carried out, it was discovered that the most influential factors when purchasing a washing machine were price, washing performance and brand reliability. Environmental factors such as reduced energy consumption and reduced water consumption only played a minor role in consumers' considerations. However, the research indicates that consumers' decisions may, in the future, be affected by the information displayed on energy labels.     

The adoption of sustainable laundry technologies by US consumers

The adoption of sustainable laundry technologies by US consumers has lagged behind that of other countries and even behind the projections for adoption made by the US government. Most US household currently own and use the top‐loading vertical axis (v‐axis) agitator type washers, which use large amounts of water as well as additional energy to heat the water. More sustainable laundry practices include the use of energy‐ and water‐efficient front‐loading horizontal‐axis (h‐axis) washers. These washers have been demonstrated to use 38% less water and 58% less energy than the standard top‐loading v‐axis models. The adoption of more energy‐efficient washing technologies is of interest to many, including policy makers, because of their water‐ and energy‐saving potential. Little is known about the attributes and issues consumers use in their decision to adopt high‐efficiency washers for their home. This study uses Roger's Diffusion of Innovations Theory to understand the adoption of h‐axis washers by US consumers. An online survey of 330 consumers who own washing machines found that 23% currently own h‐axis washers and 24% of consumers intend to purchase an h‐axis when they replace their top‐loading vertical (v‐axis) washers. Energy and water savings are the most frequently cited reasons overall for adopting the h‐axis washer and cost was the main reason for not adopting the technology. Other issues, such as dissatisfaction with cleaning power and problems with machine cleanliness and maintenance, did not play a major role in adoption. Specific marketing and education channels, where US consumers are looking for information about h‐axis washers, are also identified. Overall, the results suggest that the rate of h‐axis adoption in the US is accelerating, but that many of the benefits of the technology are not easily observed by non‐owners.     

HOME LAUNDERING PART I. AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LAUNDERING SOILED TEXTILES

The washing performance of a popular U.K. detergent product has been evaluated at two different temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of potential energy savings which can be achieved by washing at cooler temperatures and the acceptability of the clean laundry as determined by a panel of consumers.     

THE EFFECT OF ACTIVATION OF THE OXIDATION REACTION OF SODIUM PERBORATE ON THE CLEANING OF TEXTILES AND THE CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bleaching efficiency of activated sodium perborate at low washing temperatures and the resulting energy saving. The comparison of the washing efficiency of basic and activated detergent was based on practical washing tests. The types of dirt used were coffee, fruit juice, tea, blood and a soot-oil mixture. The washing temperatures were 50, 60, 70 and 80°C. The cleanness of the washing was determined by a whiteness measurement. The consumption of electrical energy was measured with a kWh-meter. The higher the temperature, the more effectively all the types of dirt were removed from the textiles. With activated detergent a cleanness was obtained at 50°C and 60°C that was almost as good as with basic detergent at 80°C. The coloured types of dirt washed out more easily than blood or the soot and oil mixture. An average saving of 20% in the consumption of energy was obtained when the washing temperature was lowered by 10°C. With activated detergent, 45% of the energy consumed using basic detergent was saved with no reduction in the final cleanness.     

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TEXTILE DRYING BY SELECTION OF RINSE TEMPERATURE

In washing apparel and related articles, a cold rinse does not always conserve energy. Removal of water in spin drying becomes more complete as its temperature is raised, thus reducing the amount of costly thermal drying. When gas-heated water is used in washing followed by electric drying, total energy cost is minimized by using at least a warm rinse cycle. When the same type of energy is used in water heating and drying, no energy is saved by heating rinse water.     

Comparing sustainable consumption patterns across product sectors

In this paper, we present findings from two qualitative studies where we explored sustainable consumption practices through examining consumers' information search and decision-making processes for recent purchases of five categories of goods/services: fast moving consumer goods (such as foodstuffs and household products), white goods (such as fridges and washing machines), small electrical products (such as TVs and computers), green energy tariffs (such as electricity from renewable sources) and tourism (such as flights). This research has provided us with a set of rich data which explores the nature and extent of sustainable consumption practices across different product sectors. A comparative analysis has allowed us to draw out patterns of consumer behaviour for different product and service types. Our findings suggest that even the same green consumer will not use the same information sources or decision-making criteria, consider the same options or focus on the same industry actors, for products in different sectors. However, we have identified some degree of consistency in purchases within sectors. We present these sector-specific patterns of consumer behaviour and highlight differences in the criteria utilized and the research norms in each sector.     

Choices and using of washing machines in Chinese households

Rapid urbanization and improvement in living standard skyrocket the demand for washing machines in Chinese households, especially in urban households. This paper discusses the owning rate of different types of washing machines, using frequency, load capacity, factors affect choices of washing machines, etc. in Chinese households and suggest possible strategies in choosing washing machines considering economic expenditure. Quantitative information relates to choice and use of household washing machines was collected through in‐depth interview of the key person who carried out household laundering. A total of 993 households that were randomly selected in eight provinces and a municipality were successfully interviewed. Impeller washing machine is still in a dominate place whereas drum washing machine increasing steadily. Households with higher income tend to buy drum washing machines for their better performances in detergency and superior quality. Load capacity between 4 and 6 kg is very common at present. Larger load capacity is a trend of washing machine choices in Chinese households. Washing machine with better energy efficiency is more popular for its lower expenditure in use. This is more obvious for drum washing machine. Washing machines are often used once every 1 or 2 days in summer, whereas one wash per week and two washes per week are very common in winter. Consumer will expend much more money with the choice of a drum washing machine, not only for paying for the machine, but also for the consumed electricity and water and wastewater discharges in every use.     

Manual dishwashing habits: an empirical analysis of UK consumers

This study presents an overview of the washing up behaviour of consumers in the UK. Peoples' individual attitudes were observed as were the amount of water and energy used, the time taken and the cleaning performance. Additionally, manual dishwashing was compared with the use of automatic dishwashers. Participants were recruited to represent all geographic regions of the UK as well as forming a representative cross‐section of the population. Each of the 150 participants washed a full load of soiled tableware based on the standard EN 50242 ‘Electric Dishwashers for Household Use – Methods for Measuring the Performance’. For comparison, the best selling dishwasher in the UK in 2007 was tested under the same conditions as those in the consumer trial. Additionally, consumers who owned a full‐size dishwasher were asked to load it to the point when they decided that the dishwasher was full. The study shows that these consumers, on average, used 49 l of water and 1.7 kWh of energy, whereas the dishwasher used 13 l of water and 1.3 kWh of energy on average for the same amount of dishes under the conditions tested. Statistical analysis showed that these differences are significant. The dishes washed by hand were found to be slightly less clean than dishes washed in a dishwasher. For washing a full dishwasher load by hand, the participants needed, on average, 60 min, while they only took 9 min on average to load and unload the same amount of dishes in a dishwasher. The average participants were able to fill almost the full load into the dishwasher (96% of the items as used in a test following EN 50242).