研发投入、高管团队异质性与企业绩效

文章选取2014—2018年310家创业板上市公司的面板数据作为研究对象,运用固定效应模型,实证分析了创业板上市公司研发投入与企业绩效的关系,并且以高管团队异质性为调节变量,主要从高管团队的年龄异质性,教育水平异质性,职业背景异质性和海外背景异质性等四个方面探讨了高管团队异质性对于研发投入和企业绩效的调节效应.研究表明,创业板上市公司研发投入与企业绩效显著正相关,高管团队年龄异质性和教育水平异质性对于研发投入和企业绩效关系具有负向调节效应.而高管团队职业背景异质性和海外背景异质性对于研发投入和企业绩效关系具有正向调节效应.     

管理层持股、研发投入与股权资本成本

企业研发投入具有风险性,会导致资本成本提高,研发融资负担加重,进而对企业研发活动的积极性产生负面影响。利用2007—2013年中国A股上市公司数据,对研发投入的资本成本效应和公司治理机制缓解研发投入资本成本效应的作用进行研究,结果显示：企业研发投入与股权资本成本之间显著正相关,研发投入的资本成本效应明显;提高高级管理者、董事会与监事会成员等管理层的持股比例有助于降低研发投入的资本成本效应。进一步研究发现,研发企业的信息披露程度对高级管理者持股降低研发投入资本成本效应具有替代作用;研发投入带来的收益率增加有助于抵消研发投入导致的股权资本成本提高。     

基于合作行为的多个污染型企业环保治污设备成本分摊研究

部分污染型企业因自身能力有限或治污成本过高,无法达到法定环保标准。某一区域中(如工业园区)污染型企业如在环保治污设备技术的改造与提升上有一致需求和合作可能,可形成治污联盟,进行环保治污设备的成本分摊。首先,文章运用合作博弈理论,通过分析环保设备技术选择问题,构建污染型企业形成治污联盟购买使用环保治污设备技术的成本分摊合作博弈模型,并把购买使用治污设备技术的成本、设备技术运营费用、处理未被治理污染物的排污费作为总费用研究。其次,分析治污联盟中成本分摊博弈的特性,证明核心非空与线性规划松弛对偶最优解之间的关系,同时通过证明该博弈模型为子模博弈,运用子模博弈的性质求解核心解、夏普利值等,并进行算例分析。结果表明污染型企业承担的排污费是可供选择的环保治污设备技术集合的单峰函数;各个污染型企业的满意度越高,满意度差值越小,治污联盟越稳定。最后,进一步分析有附加特殊治污需求的污染型企业设备技术选择博弈,结果表明随着治污联盟成员的增加,治污联盟更加倾向于加大投入设备技术,获得较高的治污效率及附加治污效率。     

基于加权Shapley值法云资源提供商成本分摊机制研究

云计算环境中,云资源提供商是按照云用户的需求提供资源的,而面对云用户动态多变的需求,云资源提供商可以通过合作来降低成本。本文通过Shapley值法建立云资源提供商之间的合作博弈模型,把资源投入、盈利能力、风险以及合作努力等因素加入模型,设计出一套相对合理的云资源提供商之间成本分摊机制,并通过数值算例证明其有效性。最后,对于云资源提供商之间进行合作提出四点建议:加强合作博弈意识,深入剖析彼此之间的利益关系;寻求合适的合作伙伴,综合考虑各方面因素;提高资源利用率,包括人力、技术等;处理好成本分摊责任与成本分摊能力的关系。     

控股股东股权质押、外部投资者与研发投入 ——基于A股民营上市公司的经验证据

文章以2013—2019年A股民营上市公司的面板数据为样本,运用门槛模型研究控股股东股权质押与研发投入之间的关系,并考察不同类型外部投资者对二者关系的影响作用.结果表明:控股股东股权质押对企业研发投入的影响存在以其自身为门槛变量的门槛效应,当质押比例低于门槛值时,能够促进研发投入的增长,而当质押比例越过门槛值时,会对研发投入产生抑制作用;进一步的研究表明,战略投资者和财务投资者均能在民营企业中发挥积极的治理效应,降低高比例质押给研发投入带来的负面影响,但二者发挥作用的门槛值存在显著差异.本研究不仅丰富了股权质押与公司治理方面的相关文献,也对当前纾解民营企业质押困局,提升研发投入水平提供了有益启示.     

行业内集中研发联盟分配策略研究

文章构建行业内合作研发博弈模型,研究行业内集中研发联盟如何通过现实中常用利益分配策略的优选防范合作研发中的道德风险,激励成员提高研发投入,提高合作研发成功率。研究表明,市场收益和相持收益能有效激励联盟成员增大研发投入;比例分配下联盟成员研发投入高于平均分配,因此行业内研发联盟宜采用比例分配来规避道德风险,激励成员增大投入。     

质量随机的研发竞赛模型与最优奖励

假设研发质量具有随机性,建立了研发竞赛的非合作博弈模型,分别探讨了完全信息和不完全信息条件下竞赛参与人与竞赛发起者的最优策略。研究发现：竞赛参与人的研发投入水平在完全信息和不完全信息条件下都随自身研发效率的降低而降低;研发参与人的类型信息不完全程度越高,参与人的均衡研发投入越低;在每一种信息类型组合下都存在着最优奖励使得竞赛发起者的期望收益最大。     

政治关联对上市民营企业研发投入的影响研究——基于信贷融资的中介效应

随着我国经济的发展,研发投入引起了企业越来越多的重视.基于此,以2009-2018年沪深A股上市民营企业为研究样本,运用OLS、Sobel-Goodman与Bootstrap中介效应检验法以及倾向得分匹配法(PSM)等实证方法,基于资源依赖理论、寻租理论等,从信贷融资的中介效应视角研究政治关联对上市民营企业研发投入的影响机制.研究发现:政治关联能促进企业研发投入;政治关联能扩大企业信贷融资规模及延长企业信贷融资期限,但并未能降低企业信贷融资成本;信贷融资规模与期限在政治关联对企业研发投入的影响中发挥中介效应,信贷融资成本并未在政治关联对企业研发投入的影响中发挥中介效应.本研究为研究政治关联对研发投入的影响提供了新视角,同时为民营企业增加研发投入提供了新路径.     

基于订单生产的供应链价格与承诺交货时间决策和协调

针对订单生产需求受价格和承诺交货时间影响以及延期现象,建立由生产商和销售商组成的供应链价格与承诺交货时间决策模型。研究表明:最优承诺交货时间绑定在服务水平上,提高服务水平可以降低双重边际化效应;相对于集中决策,分散决策采用较高的价格和较短的承诺交货时间,其最优利润和最优需求较少;此外,采用收益分享方式构建了供应链协调模型,得出销售商收益分享比例处于某一范围内才能实现供应链的协调。     

供应链纵向合作研发道德风险及利益分配方式选择

文章通过构建供应链纵向合作研发博弈模型,研究了利益分配方式对供应链纵向研发联盟成员投资策略的影响,找出了供应链纵向合作研发的最优利益分配方式,以此防范联盟道德风险,提高成员研发投入。研究发现,供应链纵向合作研发中,平均分配不仅简单易行,而且能激励成员提高研发投入,因此,供应链纵向研发联盟应采用平均分配来促进合作研发成功。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.     

Internet professionals: job skills for an on-line age

The paper explores the increasing popularity of the Internet technology Singapore. It argues that the diffusion of Internet technology to South-East Asia would create new duties and responsibilities for human resource (HR) managers. One such duty is the identification of the skills which professional Internet staff would need to perform their work effectively in organizations. Using a triangulation research method, empirical study has identified the new professional Internet jobs which have emerged the IT industry in Singapore and the skills that professional Internet personnel require do their jobs effectively. Analysis of the findings indicates that professional Internet skills involve both technical and creative abilities and that, in explaining or defining professional Internet skills, it is necessary to use both the technical and the social conceptions of skill. This argument is based on the view that the creative skills include tacit skills so that a definition based solely on the technical conception of skill cannot capture the various dimensions of Internet skills. The implications of the research findings for human resource managers are raised.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

关于高校教学秘书工作的认识与思考

教学秘书在教学管理中起着举足轻重的作用,本文结合自己近6年从事教学秘书的工作实践和体会,阐述了高校教学秘书的工作职能和工作内容,提出了教学秘书应具备的素质,分析了日前教学秘书工作中存在的问题,探讨了教学秘书工作改进的方法与途径。     

Sister Communities: Rejecting Labels of Informality and Peripherality in Vanuatu

Some labels have dire consequences. This article takes issue with the labels commonly used to describe the physical and social location of communities living on the edge of Port Vila, Vanuatu—labels that position communities for eviction by entrenching tropes of informality and peripherality into how they are seen and represented. Such terms include informal, settlement, informal settlement, squatter and peri-urban. Based on interviews with around 100 people and two years of ethnographic engagement with urban communities in Port Vila, Vanuatu, I critique the language of policy against the lived experience of those at the urban edge. I use Bourdieu's articulation of power as an accumulation of symbolic capital that enables one to speak the world into being. I conclude that the language of policies and plans is reflective of a dominant discourse in urban studies and international aid, and non-reflective of the experience and identities of people living at the urban edge. My interviewees and interlocutors maintain their identities as sister communities—as places grounded in the formality of customary tenure, and as part of the city rather than outside it.