一种离散型收入分布基尼系数精确计算方法

基尼系数问世八十多年的时间里,在度量经济不平等的基尼系数指标时,最常见的是离散型收入分布,本文设计了一种离散型收入分布基尼系数计算方法,用它可以精确地求解基尼系数。     

最低工资标准调整的收入分配效应

本文分别建立了可计算一般均衡和微观模拟模型,并采用“自顶而下/自下而上”方法将两个模型进行了连接,用于分析最低工资的收入分配效应。研究表明,短期内最低工资提升会促进低技能劳动力就业并提升其收入水平,进而降低不平等。长期来看,如果最低工资提升在25%以内,其仍会起到降低不平等的作用;但如果最低工资提升超过30%,其将会在提升低技能劳动力收入的同时,对就业产生负面作用。因此,政府在确定最低工资标准的调整幅度时,应该确保低技能劳动力就业和收入水平能得到同步提升,从而使得收入差距的扩大趋势得到抑制。     

基尼系数·恩格尔系数

基尼系数（Gini） 基尼系数——20世纪初，意大利经济学家基尼根据洛伦茨曲线找出了判断分配平等程度的指标。设实际收入分配曲线和收入分配绝对平等曲线之间的面积为A，实际收入分配曲线右下方的面积为B，并以A除以A＋B的商表示不平等程度。这个数值被称为基尼系数或洛伦茨系数。如果A为零，基尼系数为零，表示收入分配完全平等；如果B为零则系数为1，收入分配绝对不平等。该系数可在0～1之间取任何值。收入分配越是趋向平等，洛伦茨曲线的弧度越小，基尼系数也越小；反之，收入分配越是趋向不平等，     

与收入相关的健康不平等及其动态分解 ——基于中国老年群体的实证研究

使用中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）2011年和2013年的微观数据，以中国60岁及以上老年群体为研究对象，采用Erreygers指数测度中国老年群体的健康不平等程度，并将Erreygers指数的变动进一步分解为收入增长效应、收入分布效应、收入流动效应和人口老化效应，结果表明:我国老年群体存在亲富的健康不平等，但这种健康不平等程度呈减缓趋势；收入增长效应、收入分布效应和收入流动效应在健康不平等程度减缓中发挥的作用相当，大约各占三分之一，而人口老化效应的作用极其微弱；整体而言，女性健康不平等程度大于男性，而相同年龄段的男性健康不平等程度大于女性。     

中国基尼系数的未来走势

和谐社会的经济标准应该考虑经济效率和分配公平。对于一个社会而言,人均GDP衡量经济效率,而基尼系数反映收入分配不平等程度。中国自改革开放以来,伴随着人均GDP不断提高,基尼系数也迅速走高并升至高位,即目前中国收入分配不平等程度已有所呈现,这引起了政府的高度重视。本文分析中国基尼系数的未来走势为:尽管政府已开始采取措施以努力降低基尼系数,但基尼系数仍将在今后较长时间内保持在高位水平,估计约在2015年以后才会开始缓慢地下降。     

基尼系数与样本信息含量

基尼系数是度量收入不平等的主要指标,采用何种方法估计总体基尼系数取决于样本的信息含量。对于“分组数据”样本,需要使用参数法对总体收入分布或洛伦兹曲线进行假定来估计总体基尼系数。本文提出通过计算样本基尼系数的上下界来检验总体收入分布或洛伦兹曲线假定的正确性,并运用该方法对程永宏(2006)关于农村家庭人均纯收入分布的假定进行了检验。     

我国居民收入不平等的测算与分析

文章以我国居民个人收入为研究对象,测算了三种收入不平等指数,并按收入来源法对其进行了分解。研究表明:2009年我国居民收入的不平等程度是比较高的,且基尼系数城镇低于农村;从不平等指数的分解结果来看,工资收入扩大了总收入的不平等;退休金收入减小了居民收入不平等。     

经济增长与收入不平等关系的动态演化分析——基于兰州市的实证分析

院文章通过非参数核密度估计表明,兰州市城镇居民内部基尼系数不断增加,收入差距持续扩大.农村居民内部基尼系数存在较小的变动,收入差距基本上保持稳定.城镇居民内部收入不平等要大于农村居民,且分布相对分散,收敛性特征不够明显.     

城镇居民收入分布函数的研究

有关我国居民收入分布函数的研究尚属空白,本文利用2005～2010年安徽省城镇住户调查数据来探讨我国城镇居民的收入分布函数,统计计算表明部分分布函数估计的拟合效果优于非参估计,而参数估计中,多参数分布函数的拟合效果优于两参数分布函数。本文还探讨了部分分布函数的特点及其在收入不平等领域中的运用,我们发现居民平均收入与中位数的比值可以直接用来衡量居民的收入不平等。另外,我们还讨论了在某些分布条件下,贫困发生率与基尼系数之间的数量关系。     

中国消费基尼系数估算及社会福利分析

研究目标：估算中国消费基尼系数,评价经济增长和消费分布对居民社会福利的影响。研究方法：利用2002~2012年城乡消费分组数据,在消费分布服从广义贝塔分布Ⅱ型假定下,通过估计分布参数,估算消费基尼系数。研究发现：中国的消费不平等程度较高,消费基尼系数处于0.4左右;城乡之间消费不平等是中国消费不平等的主要来源,其次是城镇内部消费不平等、农村内部消费不平等和剩余项;2002~2012年,经济增长对总体居民社会福利增长的贡献率约为95%,消费分布改善对总体居民社会福利增长的贡献率约为5%。研究创新：基于国家统计局城乡住户收支数据,在消费服从GB2分布假定下估算了消费基尼系数;按照城乡群体分解了消费基尼系数;利用平均分配的同等消费概念,评价了经济增长和消费分布对居民社会福利的影响。研究价值：更好地把握中国消费不平等程度,为政府权衡效率与公平提供决策参考。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.