德国房地产金融政策启示

在美国次贷危机引发全球经济衰退后，作为传统经济强国的德国，其房价并没有像欧盟中的英国、西班牙等国房价那样出现大幅波动。德国房地产市场在几十年中保持了供求基本平衡和价格总体水平较低的发展态势．抗风险能力一直较强，这应归功于德国特有的房地产金融模式。     

世经版图

1西班牙公共债务创新高据西班牙银行2012年12月14日公布的数据,到2012年第三季度末,西班牙公共债务环比上涨1.55%,达历史性的8,171.64亿欧元,占国内生产总值比例为77.4%,但其季度增速有所放缓。数据显示,中央政府的债务额度在2012年第三季度有所上升,但各自治区和直辖市的债务却相对减少,这种情况4年来首次出现。根据政府的预测,到今年年底,算上从欧盟接收的约400亿欧元银行救援资金,     

西班牙陷入危机

西班牙国家统计局新发布的《房屋价格指数》报告，房价2012年第二季度同比下跌14．4％，创造近年来的最大跌幅。西班牙房价折合年率的变化已连续17个季度为负。另外，2012年第二季度，西班牙公共债务环比增长38％，达到804388亿欧元（约合10573亿美元），相当于其国内生产总值的759％，为历史最高水平。与去年同期相比。西班牙公共债务总额增长14％。     

城镇土地使用税收对地方政府债务杠杆的边际动态影响

从一定程度上来说,地方政府土地财政收入对其债务具有显著影响。地方政府对于土地财政具有不可忽略的依赖性,城镇土地使用税收总额与政府债务杠杆呈现正相关关系。政府债务杠杆与财政净收入及税率呈现正相关关系,与债务利率水平呈现负相关关系,城镇土地使用税率对于地方政府债务杠杆影响更大,同时税收总额的增加会引致债务杠杆上升。     

7500亿欧元：欧盟出台史上最庞大救助机制

为了防止希腊债务危机蔓延至整个欧元区．欧盟27国财长在当地时间5月10日凌晨决定设立一项总额高达7500亿欧元的救助机制．用于帮助可能陷入债务危机的欧元区成员国。     

中国房价与地价关系的多用途视角研究

本文首先在保证土地与房产用途一致的基础上,选取中国1998年第1季度到2008年第3季度7组房价与地价指数,然后运用协整关系检验和Grangner因果关系检验技术分析每组房价与地价间的关系,并揭示这些关系在2002年7月1日土地招拍挂出让方式改革生效前后的变化.结论表明:①长期内房价与地价相互影响,且存在均衡机制;②短期内,从综合层面看,房价与地价两者互为因果,但从分阶段分用途看房价变动更多地决定地价变动;③土地出让方式改革对房价与地价关系影响并不大.     

欧洲主权账务危机探源

受到美国次债危机的影响,欧洲主权国家政府负债大增,并且欧洲主权债务危机国本身经济长期增长乏力,再加上其中有些国家过度依赖房地产和金融行业等容易产生泡沫的行业来推动经济的发展,从而最终引发了欧洲主权账务危机。为了减少欧洲债务危机对债务国和欧共体乃至全球经济的负面影响,欧盟必须从债务危机国的财务救助,债务危机国财政赤字,债务危机国的福利制度,欧盟层面金融制度建设和金融监管等方面进行改革。     

房价、 地价与通货膨胀:2005-2014年中国统计数据的再检验

房价、 地价与通货膨胀是政府进行宏观调整的重要关注点,对它们之间长期与短期关系的研究具有重要的政策意义.本文采用中国2005-2014年房价、 地价与通货膨胀季度数据,通过建立向量误差修正模型研究表明:长期而言,房价、 地价与通货膨胀之间存在正向的均衡关系,但房价和地价对通货膨胀的影响作用并不明显;房价与地价之间存在互相影响的关系,但房价上升导致地价上升是二者关系的主要方面,房价高企主要不是由于地价上升导致的.     

基于债务危机视角下的房价走势解析——来自深圳的证据

为了探讨债务危机视角下的房价走势,运用计量经济学方法构建时间序列模型,研究发现:1)债务危机实质是房地产危机,需要提高土地价格避免房地产危机和债务危机.2)地方政府、国企和商业银行主要通过增加地方债务规模、土地出让金、土地成交单位价格、房地产开发贷款和提高贷款利率差来增加房价.     

土地价格、居民收入对商品住宅价格影响的动态分析——基于状态空间模型的实证

本文基于状态空间模型,利用2004～2009年的季度数据,就土地价格、居民收入对商品住宅价格的影响进行了动态分析,结果表明:(1)2004～2006年底,由于政府2004年土地政策的"813"大限,地价对房价的影响是在波动中增加,但是缺乏弹性;居民收入对商品住宅价格的影响是在波动中减小,但是属于富有弹性;(2)2007～2009年,地价和居民收入变化对商品住宅价格的影响都比较稳定,都是属于缺乏弹性,居民收入对房价上涨的支撑渐显乏力;(3)相比土地价格的变化,居民收入的变化对商品住宅价格的影响更大.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.