能源生产率差异与收敛：基于省际面板数据的实证分析

本文首先对收敛问题的几种常用分析方法进行了梳理,然后对1986～2006年中国地区间能源生产率差异进行σ收敛和β收敛分析。研究表明,中国地区间能源生产率的总体差异并没有呈现出显著的σ收敛,而是表现为不同的阶段性特征。东、中、西部地区能源生产率收敛特征各异:东部地区差异缩小且较为稳定,中部地区经过小幅波动后也趋于收敛,而西部地区差异呈现出三个先扩大后缩小的"倒U型"特征。绝对β收敛和条件β收敛模型研究表明,中国地区间能源生产率总体差异正在逐步缩小,巩固和发展这一趋势尚任重道远。     

中国城市经济效率的时空分异及其影响因素研究

基于2005~2014年地级及以上城市市辖区数据,定量分析了中国280个市辖区范围的城市经济效率时空演变特征,并探讨城市经济效率的影响因素。结果表明:城市经济效率得分不高,变化幅度不大;城市规模效益梯度比较明显;城市经济效率与城市行政级别格局一致;区域差异较小并且呈现缩小趋势,省内差异贡献明显大于省间差异贡献;城市经济效率的空间格局比较稳定,形成了辽中南、京津冀、山东半岛、长三角、珠三角等"群"状分布高值区域,以群内核心城市为中心,与群内较高、中等城市经济效率城市共同组成"核心—边缘"空间格局,而低水平城市则成片分布于中部和西部地区;所选6个因素对城市经济效率均有正向影响,其中城市规模、投资强度、区域联系的影响程度居前3位;地理区位差异是客观因素,要素禀赋是初始因素,而投资强度、区域创新投入等是直接因素。     

我国税收征管效率及其影响因素——基于随机前沿分析(SFA)技术的实证研究

本文基于SFA方法并利用省际面板数据,对我国税收征管效率及其影响因素进行了实证分析.研究发现:①1997～2005年各地区税收征管效率都呈上升趋势,总体效率提高约19个百分点,这从征管角度揭开了"税收超GDP增长"之谜.但我国税收征管效率水平总体仍不高,虽然地区间征管效率差距较大,但其呈现出收敛趋势;②提高税务机构女性工作人员比重有助于征管效率的提高,36～45岁年龄段的工作人员在税收征管中有更高的效率;经济发展水平对征管效率有正效应,但其效应比较弱.适度减少税务机构人员数量可以提高税收征管效率.     

中国城市碳排放效率动态演进、区域差异及空间收敛性

运用Super-SBM模型测度中国284个地级城市的碳排放效率，从时空维度分析城市碳排放效率的演变和分异特征，采用Dagum基尼系数法对城市碳排放效率的区域差异进行测算和分解，通过构建绝对/条件β收敛模型考察其收敛性。研究发现，2009—2020年，中国地级城市碳排放效率呈现“先下降—后上升”的“U”型发展趋势，在空间上具有明显的“小分散大集聚”的俱乐部特征。在区域差异上，东中西部、南北方的区域间差异均呈现扩大趋势。东中西部地区碳排放效率区域间差异的来源由超变密度向三者相对均衡的状态转变，南北方地区碳排放效率区域间差异主要由区域内差异贡献。全国城市、东中西和南北区域碳排放效率均存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛，中部地区收敛速度较快，西部地区收敛速度相对较慢，低碳技术创新、创业活跃度、工业发展规模、基础设施建设水平和财政分权水平对碳排放效率变化率的影响存在显著的差异性。     

数字经济对我国区域协调发展的影响研究——基于经济增长收敛视角的分析

经济增长收敛是协调区域发展、助力共同富裕的重要条件。基于经济增长收敛分析框架,使用全国267个地级市2011—2020年的面板数据,探析数字经济对我国区域经济增长收敛性的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,数字经济能够显著促进我国城市经济增长并加速促进地区经济增长收敛,缩小地区间经济发展差距。机制分析表明,数字经济可以通过提高创新发展能力、改善资本要素错配情况来促进落后地区经济增长,助力区域协调发展。同时,数字经济在促进区域经济增长收敛时呈现明显的地理空间差异和政府财政能力差异,对西部、北方、非沿海城市和财政自给率较低的城市经济增长收敛效应更加显著。应继续推进数字基础设施建设,大力发展数字经济,以促进区域经济协调增长助力全国统一大市场构建。     

数字经济背景下长三角城市韧性差异分解及驱动因素研究

基于2011—2019年长三角地区41个地级市数据，采用Dagum基尼系数测算了长三角地区城市韧性及其子系统韧性的地区差距，并运用二次指派程序(QAP)对其进行实证分析。研究表明：长三角地区经济韧性差距总体呈现出下降—上升趋势，而社会、生态及城市韧性差距总体呈现出上升—下降—上升趋势，不同韧性视角下各省内部地区差距明显，地区间差距是构成各韧性总体差距的主要来源。QAP回归结果表明，数字经济发展水平对于缩小不同城市韧性及其子系统地区差距具有显著正向作用；分时期结果表明，相较于“十二五”规划时期“十三五”规划时期的数字经济发展水平对缩小城市韧性地区差距具有边际递减效应，但正向影响依旧显著。     

税收优惠政策与高技术产业创新效率

研究目标：分析税收优惠政策对创新效率的影响以及创新效率的收敛性，测度税收优惠政策对创新带来的实际贡献。研究方法：构建随机前沿模型测度高技术产业的创新效率，采用σ收敛和β收敛检验方法检验创新效率收敛性，并采用反事实计量方法测度税收优惠政策对创新带来的实际贡献。研究发现：税收优惠政策对研发效率有显著正影响，对市场转化效率的影响为正但不显著，政策实施后效率分布也更集中；研发效率的收敛主要是由东中西地区内部之间差距的缩小造成的，而市场转化效率的收敛是由三大地区内部差距的缩小以及中西部和东部地区的差距缩小共同造成的；税收优惠政策使研发效率大约上升了8%～10%，带来的创新产出占总产出的比重也一直维持在10%以上。研究创新：从效率水平和收敛性两个角度来定量分析税收优惠政策对创新效率的影响。研究价值：为更好地采取措施提高创新效率和减小地区创新效率差距提供经验证据。     

低碳城市试点政策对城市绿色创新效率的影响——来自长三角地区的经验证据

基于2000—2020年长三角地区41个城市的面板数据，采用Super-SBM模型分析了城市绿色创新效率的时空演变趋势，在此基础上，运用空间渐进双重差分模型揭示了低碳城市试点政策对城市绿色创新效率的影响效应及其时空异质性。研究发现：(1)2000—2020年，长三角地区城市绿色创新效率整体呈现上升态势，绿色创新效率的空间辐射模式由“圈层扩散”向“多核心轴带扩散”转变。(2)低碳城市试点政策显著提升了长三角地区试点城市的绿色创新效率，且政策效应可持续5年，研究结论经过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。(3)低碳城市试点的政策效应存在空间溢出效应，本城市的低碳治理将对地理相邻和经济相邻的城市溢出“制度红利”,且对地理相邻城市的绿色创新效率具有更强的激励效应。(4)低碳城市试点政策对城市绿色创新效率的激励效应和空间溢出效应受到城市资源环境属性和绿色创新效率属性的影响，其在非资源城市和高效率城市中更为显著。     

中国OFDI来源的区域差异分解与影响因素

根据中国2003-2011年对外直接投资业绩指数的省际数据,采用Dagum(1997)的方法测算了中国OFDI来源的地区差异及演变态势,并利用中国省际面板数据实证检验影响OFDI的因素。研究发现,中国OFDI来源的区域差异总体呈缩小趋势,地区内差距的贡献率比较平稳,地区间差距的贡献率呈现先递减后递增的趋势,但地区间差距一直都是地区差异的主要原因,而超变密度贡献率呈现先递减后递增的趋势。进一步的FGLS估计结果表明能源需求的增加、平均工资的上涨以及出口规模的扩大,是影响OFDI的主要因素,且东、中、西三个区域影响OFDI的因素是不同的。     

数字经济发展缩小了城乡居民收入差距吗?

缩小城乡居民收入差距是加快农业农村现代化的基本要义,也是不断实现人民对美好生活的向往的本质要求.数字经济发展有利于优化产业结构、促进产业融合发展和缩小城乡"数字鸿沟"等,进而使城乡居民收入差距趋于收敛.基于2013 ～2019年中国30个省份的数据,考察数字经济发展与城乡居民收入差距关系,研究显示:数字经济发展与城乡居民收入差距呈"U"型关系,且在东部、中部、西部和东北地区存在区域异质性.其中,中部和西部地区为缩小效应,东部地区有略微扩大效应,东北地区效应不明显.鉴于此,各地应大力发展数字经济,加快产业数字化转型,努力缩小城乡"数字鸿沟",实施差异化数字经济发展策略,助力缩小城乡居民收入差距.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

Performance appraisal and culture: practice and attitudes in Hong Kong and Great Britain

This article compares the practice of and attitudes towards performance appraisal for managerial and professional staff in Hong Kong and Britain, and considers the extent to which actual practice and employee preferences are in alignment. Findings suggest that appraisal may be more widespread in Hong Kong than in Britain. However, British appraisal tends to be more participative and to place greater emphasis on discussing objectives, development and career plans. Hong Kong appraisals appear to be more directive and Hong Kong respondents perceive a higher level of 'negative' appraiser behaviour. In spite of this, Hong Kong respondents show if anything slightly more confidence in the utility of appraisal than do British respondents. They show stronger support for appraisal's use for reward and punishment and less support for the objectives-setting and training and development uses than do the British sample. Hong Kong respondents are more likely than their British counterparts to favour involving a more senior manager in appraisal, and they are less likely to prefer more frequent appraisals. There was little evidence that Hong Kong respondents had a stronger preference for group-based appraisal criteria, although they did show more support than the British sample for the use of personality as a basis for appraisal. Overall, the suggestion is that appraisal has been adopted in Hong Kong organizations but that the practice of appraisal has been adapted to suit the cultural characteristics of the society.     

Narrative construction of expatriate experience and career cycle: discursive patterns in Finnish stories of international

Expatriate experience is not only a disconnected occasion for cross-cultural anxiety and adjustment but also an important event in the process of self-development and learning. Following this view and arguing for a discursive approach, the paper focuses on ways in which expatriates themselves tell and interpret their development and movement across expatriate career cycle. Meaning systems connecting expatriate job with previous and following work experiences in career stories of Finnish engineers and managers were identified using a combination of narrative and discourse analysis. No evidence was found of an autonomous expatriate discourse but, in contrast, expatriate career cycle was narrated using available organizational repertoires of development and career. Describing and discussing the meaning-making properties of three identified discourses - bureaucratic, occupational and enterprising - the paper emphasizes the organizational environment of expatriate experience while acknowledging the limits of these contemporary career vocabularies in addressing individual learning and change in cross-cultural settings.     

Internet professionals: job skills for an on-line age

The paper explores the increasing popularity of the Internet technology Singapore. It argues that the diffusion of Internet technology to South-East Asia would create new duties and responsibilities for human resource (HR) managers. One such duty is the identification of the skills which professional Internet staff would need to perform their work effectively in organizations. Using a triangulation research method, empirical study has identified the new professional Internet jobs which have emerged the IT industry in Singapore and the skills that professional Internet personnel require do their jobs effectively. Analysis of the findings indicates that professional Internet skills involve both technical and creative abilities and that, in explaining or defining professional Internet skills, it is necessary to use both the technical and the social conceptions of skill. This argument is based on the view that the creative skills include tacit skills so that a definition based solely on the technical conception of skill cannot capture the various dimensions of Internet skills. The implications of the research findings for human resource managers are raised.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

关于高校教学秘书工作的认识与思考

教学秘书在教学管理中起着举足轻重的作用,本文结合自己近6年从事教学秘书的工作实践和体会,阐述了高校教学秘书的工作职能和工作内容,提出了教学秘书应具备的素质,分析了日前教学秘书工作中存在的问题,探讨了教学秘书工作改进的方法与途径。     

Sister Communities: Rejecting Labels of Informality and Peripherality in Vanuatu

Some labels have dire consequences. This article takes issue with the labels commonly used to describe the physical and social location of communities living on the edge of Port Vila, Vanuatu—labels that position communities for eviction by entrenching tropes of informality and peripherality into how they are seen and represented. Such terms include informal, settlement, informal settlement, squatter and peri-urban. Based on interviews with around 100 people and two years of ethnographic engagement with urban communities in Port Vila, Vanuatu, I critique the language of policy against the lived experience of those at the urban edge. I use Bourdieu's articulation of power as an accumulation of symbolic capital that enables one to speak the world into being. I conclude that the language of policies and plans is reflective of a dominant discourse in urban studies and international aid, and non-reflective of the experience and identities of people living at the urban edge. My interviewees and interlocutors maintain their identities as sister communities—as places grounded in the formality of customary tenure, and as part of the city rather than outside it.