劳动力流入背景下商品住宅价格对城乡居民收入差距的影响研究

劳动力跨区域流动的现象随着经济的发展普遍出现，在此背景下研究商品住宅价格对城乡居民收入差距的影响在社会收入分配领域具有重要意义。利用2006—2020年省级面板数据，基于商品住宅价格及劳动力流入对城乡居民收入差距的影响，构建空间计量模型，并进行实证分析。研究显示，短期内商品住宅价格上涨对劳动力流入存在抑制效应，进而扩大城乡居民收入差距；长期内会促进劳动力流入并缩减城乡居民收入差距。而且商品住宅价格提高对周围地区的城乡居民收入差距存在劳动力流入效应的空间外溢，能显著缩小本地及相邻地区的城乡居民收入差距。     

FDI与收入分配

本文基于FDI对我国居民收入分配格局影响的分析,指出FDI流入对我国收入分配非均衡的影响主要体现在其通过区域集聚效应扩大了我国东、中和西部之间的收入差距.同时,FDI通过就业结构及技术扩散扩大了我国不同阶层居民的收入差距.但是FDI的大规模进入.尤其是在劳动力密集产业的高集中度,也为解决城镇低技能劳动力与农村剩余劳动力的就业及基本生活做出了重大贡献.     

收入分配、有效要素禀赋与贸易开放度——基于中国省际面板数据的研究

本文利用中国21个省区市1995~2005年的面板数据,研究要素禀赋、贸易开放度对个人收入分配的影响。结果显示,要素禀赋特征对中国收入差距具有相当的解释力,耕地、资本对收入不平等有抑制作用,而人力资本、劳动力等因素却倾向于扩大收入差距;对外贸易显著影响了中国的收入分配状况,是造成收入差距拉大的主要原因之一;对外贸易与不同的要素禀赋结合对收入分配所产生的联合效应存在显著差异。另外,对外贸易的收入分配效应呈现出城乡、地区差异性。除此以外,外商直接投资、经济发展水平、城镇失业率与以非国有化为特征的经济改革对收入差距有显著作用。     

“十三五”时期中西部地区承接产业转移的政策取向研究

随着近年来的区域产业梯度转移,我国中西部地区各省市开始逐步取代传统的东部地区各省市,成为"新常态"下培育中国经济增长的新动力。中西部地区拥有土地、劳动力成本低的优势,加之政策扶持力度加大,承接东部产业转移的潜力很大,近几年东西部之间的发展差距、福利差距已经呈现逐渐缩小的态势。我国中西部地区承接东部产业转移进程中,在其内在的增收机制作用下,即中西部承接产业转入引致需求增长、居民就业增加,中西部承接产业转入促进财政增长、居民社保增收,中西部劳动力供给下降导致用工成本增加、职工工资增长,在总体上促进了中西部地区居民就业的较大增加、收入的较快提高,产生了明显的区域收入效应。在"十三五"时期,应进一步促进所需的产业尤其是产业集群,由东部向中西部顺利转移,而后促进区域收入效应的影响因子发挥作用,在这个过程中政府要在政策层面上发挥合理、有序的引导作用,并创造有利条件和良好环境,同时坚决避免将损害区域环境福利的产业引入本地区。     

人力资本对农村剩余劳动力转移的影响

农村剩余劳动力转移是指农村劳动力以增加收入、获得更好的职业发展和生活环境为目的，以地区之间、城乡之间和产业之间的收入差距为杠杆，随着产业结构、城乡结构、就业结构和收入结构的变迁而向非农部门配置劳动力资源的过程。其实质是一个劳动力流动和优化配置的过程。农村剩余劳动力的转移有利于缩小城乡差距，打破城乡劳动力市场的分割，促进劳动力的合理流动和统一劳动力市场的形成，进而也有利于和谐社会的建设。然而在现实社会中，有诸多因素制约着农村剩余劳动力的转移，其中，人力资本因素是一个值得关注的因素。     

我国收入分配问题分析——用福利经济学分析我国社会当前现状

"收入均等化"理论是福利经济学家庇古等人提出的一种增进社会福利的分配理论.该理论认为,一个社会的福利不仅取决于国民收入总量,而且还取决于收入分配的状况.应当在不影响国民收入增长的基础上,通过收入均等化来实现社会公平,增加社会福利.近年来我国收入分配差距的扩大引起了社会的广泛关注.要通过促进经济增长,在初次分配领域中贯彻按劳分配和按要素分配相结合的分配原则,充分发挥激励机制的作用,在再分配领域中强化国家政策对收入分配的宏观调控作用,缩小收入差距,最终实现共同富裕.     

预期城乡收入差距及其对我国农村劳动力转移的影响

本文是在当前“用工荒”的社会背景下,以托达罗模型为理论基础,在比较优势的框架下,采用CHNS（中国健康营养调查）的微观数据,分析了我国农村劳动力转移的影响因素。具有内生选择的转换模型表明：①预期城乡收入差距是影响我国劳动力转移的最重要的因素; ②劳动力转移增加了农村劳动力的预期收入,从而在一定程度上缓解了城乡收入差距;③调查的我国农村劳动力数据存在自选择问题,因此在分析转移劳动力收入时应该考虑自选择的影响;④教育是影响我国农村劳动力收入的重要因素。     

中国农业剩余劳动力转移与城乡收入差距关系研究述评

农业剩余劳动力转移和城乡收入差距是当前我国经济中两个十分突出的问题,学者们就此进行了大量研究.文章分别就农业劳动力转移对城乡收入差距的影响与城乡收入差距对农业劳动力转移的影响研究进行述评,藉此提出进一步研究思路.     

城镇化对缩小城乡收入差距的影响

运用我国1982-2011年28个省的面板数据,通过引入城镇化影响城乡收入差距的整体效应、地区效应、时间效应三个模型,考察了城镇化影响城乡收入差距的年度差异与省级地区差异。研究结果表明,城镇化并不会必然缩小城乡收入差距,它与城镇化所处的发展阶段以及城乡收入差距的大小有关。从时间进程来说,城镇化对城乡收入差距的作用有先缩小、后扩大、再缩小的三阶段变化规律;从地区差异来说,经济发达、城镇化水平高、农业劳动力丰富的地区随着城镇化的进一步加速,城乡收入差距扩大的趋势有可能得到缓解,对经济欠发达、城镇化水平低、农业劳动力稀缺的地区来说,城镇化有可能进一步扩大城乡收入差距。因此,政府应根据不同的发展阶段与不同地区的实际情况制定差异化的城镇化发展策略。     

中国经济发展中的收入分配及库兹涅茨倒U假设再探讨

改革开放以来中国经济保持了较高增长，与此同时居民收入分配差距也日渐扩大。本文针对中国转型经济的特点，通过三部门劳动力转移对我国经济发展中的收入分配变动趋势作出解释，利用两个时期的跨省横截面数据对库兹涅茨倒U假设进行了验证。实证结果表明，经济发展不是决定收入分配变动的主要因素，人力资本积累，特别是初等教育程度以上的人力资本积累对缩小收入分配差距有明显促进作用。     

农村劳动力向城市迁移的影响因素分析

文中从宏观和微观两个层面对农村劳动力向城市迁移的影响因素进行了分析,在此基础上建了多元线性回归的计量模型,并利用2000年到2009年间的统计数据进行了实证分析。结果表明,务农和进城打工的收入差距、进城打工收入与城镇居民收入之间的差距和城镇失业率这三个宏观层面的因素是影响农村劳动力向城市迁移的主要因素。     

四川农民工务工流与沿海地区“民工荒”问题的研究──基于2009年四川地震灾后农民工务工的实证分析

处于转型期的中国劳动力市场农民工的就业取向符合人力资本论和新移动经济学理论。四川地震促使农民工大量回川导致沿海地区"民工荒"问题的加剧,与农民工的经济行为,就业意识,就业决策的变化以及农民工打工渠道,外出打工成本,家庭收益,打工环境等个人的就业取向相关。当前,在全球金融危机和国内经济发展的影响下,四川劳动力市场的变化和农民工务工流的去向选择,正在改变中国劳动力市场,使之形成新的格局。     

A theoretical and empirical evaluation and extension of the Todaro migration model

"This paper postulates that it is theoretically and empirically preferable to base internal labor migration on the relative difference in rural-urban real income streams and rates of unemployment, taken as separate and independent variables, rather than on the difference in the expected real income streams as postulated by the very influential and often quoted Todaro model. The paper goes on to specify several important ways of extending the resulting migration model and improving its empirical performance." The analysis is based on Italian data.     

Voting with their feet: Relative economic conditions and state migration patterns

Over the past decade, state and local policymakers and business leaders across the U.S. have expressed concern regarding the ability to attract and retain skilled workers, given the economic climate of their states compared with other parts of the nation. Examining the factors underlying state-level migration trends is important to determine what role, if any, public policy might play in addressing their potential impact on local labor supply. Using data from the Internal Revenue Service for each of the 48 states in the continental United States from 1977 through 2006, this paper examines the role of three economic factors—namely labor market conditions, per capita incomes, and housing affordability—in determining domestic state-to-state migration flows. Estimates from a logistic model of out-migration show that while all three measures of relative economic conditions are significant determinants of migration, the magnitude of their impact varies and has changed considerably over time. For example, the importance of per capita income as a determining factor has fallen considerably since the late 1970s, while that of housing affordability has risen. Interestingly, the role of labor market conditions—while significant throughout the entire 30-year period—was most prominent in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Estimates from the model are used to forecast migration for 2009 for selected states. The results from this exercise are surprisingly accurate when compared to actual state migration patterns for that year.     

Boom, bust, and the poor: Poverty dynamics in the Middle East and North Africa, 1970–1999

This paper analyzes changes in poverty and inequality in the Middle East and North Africa. It finds that the structural relationship between poverty reduction, income growth and distribution is the same for MENA and other developing economies. Prior to 1985 rapid growth sharply reduced poverty. After 1985, despite very low income growth, a rising share of income accruing to the lowest quintile meant that the average income of the poor rose more rapidly than that of the non-poor. These unusual poverty dynamics were primarily due to international migration. Remittances both increased per capita incomes in labor exporting countries and increased the share of income accruing to the poor.     

ECONOMIC WELFARE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGALIZATION OF DRUGS: A CGE MICROSIMULATION MODEL FOR COLOMBIA

In this paper, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) microsimulation model is used to analyze the effects of an ex ante legalization of drugs on the Colombian economy. The model consists of 11 productive sectors, 3 different labor force categories with unemployment, and 20 households divided by income and location. Changes in wages and migration are estimated using a labor participation model, and a NIDS estimates the demands of the households. Changes in household economic welfare, measured by changes in income and prices (CV and EV measurements), are very sensitive to the reinvestments that the government makes in the economy. By analyzing six different scenarios with different assumptions about changes in drug prices, investments of the government, and the termination of the armed conflict, the results suggest that economic welfare improves when the government reinvests military expenditures in other productive sectors or when the ‘economy of war’ continues and the legalization does not end the armed conflict.     

我国劳动收入份额下降影响因素分析

利用中国省际面板数据实证分析了近年来中国劳动收入份额持续下降的影响因素,结果表明,二元经济结构的强度和人力资本均与劳动收入份额之间呈显著负相关。基于此,认为要扭转劳动收入份额下降的趋势,根本途径是消除二元经济结构,通过提高农业的比较劳动生产率和降低城乡收入差距来加快向一元经济结构过渡。     

交通基础设施建设、劳动力流动与城乡收入差距

基于1992—2017年我国29个省区市的面板数据，采用非线性门槛模型系统地分析交通基础设施建设、劳动力流动和城乡收入差距之间的关系。研究结果表明：交通基础设施建设能够有效促进农业劳动力向非农业部门的流动，进而影响城乡收入差距，并且交通基础设施建设对城乡收入差距的影响并非呈现简单的线性相关关系，而是随着农村劳动力转移程度的变化呈现出“U”型的动态相关关系。当农村劳动力转移率低于0.157时，交通基础设施建设能够缩小城乡收入差距；当农村劳动力转移率超过0.288时，交通基础设施建设不利于缩小城乡收入差距，并且随着农村劳动力转移率的进一步提高，交通基础设施建设对城乡收入差距的负面影响会增大。     

Income taxes and the destination of movers to multistate MSAs

We examine how differences in state income tax rates, as well as other state and local taxes and public service expenditures, influence the choice of state of residence for households (federal tax filers) moving into multistate metropolitan areas (MSAs) using data from the IRS on the migration of taxpayers. MSAs that are on borders provide a spatial discontinuity—discrete differences in state tax rates within a single labor market. These MSAs allow residents to live in one state and work in another state. We find that differences in state income tax rates have a significant impact on the relative rate of migration to the states within an MSA. However, contrary to what would be expected, this impact is only significant in MSAs in which the filing state is based on employment (states without reciprocity) and not for those states in which the filing state is the state of residence (states with reciprocity). In MSAs where states do not have reciprocity agreements, a difference of ten percent in tax rates leads to a 4.1 percent difference in the relative rate of incoming taxpayers. Analogously, we find that a ten percent difference in state tax rates in these MSAs results in a 3.3 percent difference in the rate of tax base inflow (AGI). Our results suggest that one reason that differences in state income taxes appear to have more impact in multistate MSAs without reciprocity is that only relatively large differences in state income tax rates have any impact on migration and these differences are much more pronounced in MSAs without reciprocity.     

人均收入差距导向的投资战略

除了税收手段直接调整人均收入差距之外,政府可利用投资配置来影响生产过程,进而调整人均收入差距。在总量封闭经济的框架下,本文以人均收入差距最小化为目标,通过引入多地区多产业Cobb-Douglas生产函数、劳动一资本比率、资本时变率,改造最优经济增长模型。实验表明,通过权衡不同地区、不同产业的重要程度,调整投资在不同地区、不同产业之间的配置比率,政府可缩小人均收入差距。