克拉玛依油田特低渗透下乌尔禾组储层渗流机理研究

新疆克拉玛依油田下乌尔禾组储层是一个低孔、特低渗透、微裂缝发育的厚层状砾岩油藏,根据储层物性特征和渗流能力评价,反映了储层低孔低渗的特征。通过对比新疆克拉玛依、大庆、长庆同等渗透率级别岩心对比,表明新疆克拉玛依油田下乌尔禾组特低渗储层岩心喉道分布曲线的峰值最低,大级别喉道含量最高,大喉道的存在为有效渗流能力提供了良好的通道,同时又受到小吼道的限制作用;可动流体饱和度分布较宽,相对较大;启动压力梯度和储层渗透率大小关系密切,储层渗透率越低,启动压力梯度越大,说明了其开发难度大的原因。依据这三个参数对低渗透储层进行分类和评价,新疆克拉玛依油田下乌尔禾组储层特低渗储层以三类储层为主,部分二类下限储层,表明有一定的开发潜力,但开发难度较大。     

探讨复杂岩性储层识别及评价技术

文章总结了河南油田在灰岩储层、砂砾岩储层、低孔低渗储层评价中的难点,重点阐述5700成像测井在这些储层评价中的作用、应用效果,为国内同类储层评价提供参考和借鉴作用。     

征沙村地区超深致密储层有效改造技术

针对征1区块储层存在低孔、特低渗透的特点,结合区块采取的2口井措施改造存在的高压,加砂困难等难点,调研了国内外类似储层改造的经验和做法,提出了储层降低施工压力的方法和改造的技术对策。提出了直井大排量分步加砂压裂,裸眼水平井多级分段压裂改造,通过低摩阻、加重压裂液体系的应用,配套压裂施工管柱优化、高压泵组和高压井口,进行大规模压裂改造实现此类储层有效动用。     

测井新技术在胜利油田复杂储层中的应用

目前胜利油田低孔低渗储层、裂缝性储层、水淹层作为重要的增储上产阵地，由于其非均质性强、孔隙类型复杂多样、地层水矿化度多变等特点，利用常规测井进行储层评价遇到很大困难。测井新技术可以更为直观、精确地刻画储层特征参数，为复杂油气藏评价提供更为有效的技术保障。     

两种低伤害压裂液体系在苏里格气田东区的应用

为避免常规压裂液体系对低渗低压储层带来的二次伤害,使用低伤害工艺以减少储层基质渗透率和支撑裂缝伤害已成为储层改造的重要研究课题,苏东气田作为苏里格压裂新工艺、新技术试验田,目前应用较为成功的有两种新型低伤害压裂液体系——超低浓度羟丙基瓜尔胶压裂液体系和阴离子粘弹性表面活性剂,截止2012年底西南井下已成功运用这两种技术30井次,并取得较好的改造效果。     

准噶尔盆地滴南凸起白垩系低阻油气层成藏主控因素

为明确准噶尔盆地滴南凸起白垩系低阻油气藏的成藏主控因素,通过开展储层预测和目标识别研究,应用STRATA反演软件对研究区进行了波阻抗反演.沉积相和储层研究结果表明呼图壁河组砂体地震响应特征明显,储层宏观上受岩性控制,微观上受储层孔喉半径的控制,来自生烃区的油气沿着断裂向上运移至白垩系呼图壁河组岩性圈闭成藏,形成“一砂一藏”的构造背景下的岩性油气藏.沉积相和岩性是低阻油气层成藏的主控因素,断层起到疏导作用.     

水力喷射压裂技术在水平井压裂中的应用

川西新场气田下沙溪庙组气藏为致密砂岩储层,常规直井单井产量低,加砂压裂后增产效果有限,气藏开发效益低;采用水平井钻井可大大增加泄气面积,提高气产量,改善气藏开发效果;该区下沙溪庙组气藏的水平井开采模式尚处于尝试阶段,本井采用了水力喷射分段加砂压裂工艺技术对水平段进行改造,现场试验表明该改造工艺对水平段储层实施了有效的改造,提高了低渗透致密气藏的压裂效果,为下步该区域水平井储层改造指明了方向。     

温西—芭蕉场地区嘉陵江组二段储层特征研究

根据川东北地区下三叠统嘉陵江组二段沉积、构造发育特点,通过对测井、钻井资料及实验室各项分析,对嘉陵江组二段储层特征进行研究。认为储层的储集岩类型为砂屑云岩、砂屑灰岩和少量的细粉晶云岩,主要储集空间为粒间孔和粒内溶孔,主要储层类型为裂缝—孔隙型,为低孔、低渗储层。储层发育的控制因素主要是沉积相、成岩作用和构造作用,其中裂缝的发育对储层的储集性能有较大改善。建议以台内滩亚相作为今后勘探的重点沉积相带。     

特低渗透储层非线性渗流规律研究

室内试验研究表明,流体在低渗透多孔介质中渗流时表现出非线性特征。文章从非线性渗流的基本特征入手,评价了特低渗透储层的启动压力梯度,得出了储层流体可动油的变化规律,为下步开发调整提供了理论指导。     

充氮气欠平衡钻完井技术研究与应用

充氮气欠平衡钻井防漏技术适应于低压低渗透储层和开发后期压力枯竭储层、不同压力体系的储层、裂缝油气藏或是曾经发生钻井液只进不返大漏地层和压差卡钻等需要钻穿复杂层的地区。充氮气欠平衡钻完井目前主要应用于低压、低饱和、低渗透率油层(油气藏),采用此技术可以有效的解决钻井过程中的恶性井漏,压差卡钻、钻井速度慢等技术性难题,能在钻进油气层井段时,及时做到保护油气层,提高油井单井产量具有显著效果,并可提高机械转速5~10倍;目前该技术广泛应用于油气钻井作业当中,具有很大的发展前景。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.