Professional ‘amateurs’ in the NCAA: the impact of downstream demand

We argue that student-athletes are amateur in title only; they are actually professional athletes in all accounts of their actions. This occurs because of the downstream demand of their athletic success: coaches are paid professionals. As a paid professional, these coaches are held accountable for the performances of their team, i.e. they are hired and fired based on this performance. Within the constraints of the National Collegiate Athletic Association guidelines, coaches make the rules for their athletes, which the athletes are required to follow. As such, the athletes themselves are professionals acting under professional incentives and are amateurs in title only.     

考虑处置和延迟交货的混合系统库存决策

对存在旧产品处置和采用延迟交货策略的混合系统库存决策问题进行研究。在混合系统中,有制造与再制造两种产品供应模式。产品使用后从顾客处返回,但因再制造能力的不足,返回的旧产品仅有部分用于再制造,其余的被处置。旧产品通过再制造得到再制造品,原材料和零部件通过制造得到制造新品,再制造品具有与制造新品完全相同的质量。可翻新品库存由用于再制造的旧产品组成,服务性产品库存由制造新品与再制造品组成。顾客的需求恒定且由服务性产品来满足,允许缺货但需完全拖后补足。利用（P,1）策略构建库存决策模型,给出了确定最优制造与再制造策略的求解方法,得到了制造和再制造准备次数、制造和再制造批量、模型周期长度、制造与再制造期的最大缺货量等决策变量的求解公式。算例表明,可以找到最优的制造与再制造策略。     

中国制造2025与工业4.0对比解析及中国汽车产业应对策略

面向新一轮科技革命,各国相继提出了制造业转型升级战略。对广受关注的德国工业4.0和中国制造2025进行了对比分析：两者的最终目标均指向智能制造体系,然而其具体内涵有所不同。根据中国产业现状,着重指出了以产业规模大、带动性强的汽车产业作为制造业转型升级载体的重要意义,并对智能制造前景下汽车产业的变化与不变、挑战与机遇进行了系统梳理。在此基础上,提出了汽车产业转型升级策略。     

Imitation and innovation new biologics,biosimilars and biobetters

ABSTRACT

Biopharmaceutical drugs are the future of the pharmaceutical industry. The United States is the world leader in the development of new biopharmaceutical products. These original new drugs, numbering close to 200, are now losing patent protection and imitators from several countries are entering the markets of comparable drugs, called biosimilars. Some companies are improving the original product, and these drugs are called biobetters. Even among the producers of biosimilars one finds different strategies, and these are linked to different government regulations concerning the approval of these products. Some biosimilar companies are aiming at developed-country markets (North America, the European Union and Japan), while other producers are targeting emerging, less-regulated markets. This introduction will present the dynamic picture of an industry in transition. The paper has a double aim: discuss the fuzzy frontier between imitation and innovation, and track the new contours of the pharmaceutical industry.     

Competing for promotion: Are “THE BEST” always the best?

Several selection processes use multistage tournaments to choose the best candidates. The theoretical models predict that tournaments are efficient in selecting the best candidates, as they stimulate the best to perform relatively better than their opponents. Empirical tests are difficult, as data on the agents involved in these selections are scarce. Exploiting data from field tournaments, the World Swimming Championships, I show that two- and three-stage tournaments are effective for stimulating performance and selecting the best contestants; results indicate that the winners are the players who are most able to increase their relative performance from one stage to the next.     

Liquidity Cost Premia

The purpose of the paper is to find out the borrowing cost premia for those individuals who are liquidity-constrained, or who are first-time buyers of real estate. The analysis uses the similarity of a leveraged purchase with the exercise of a call option to defer the purchase of the asset. Sensible parameters are selected for the option, and simulations are run to identify the cost premia. The main conclusion is that these borrowing costs are prohibitive in central tendency and in dispersion. This means that liquidity-constrained individuals may be given borrowing quotations, but these quoted rates are so high and variable that these individuals are unwilling to borrow.     

Resource Curse or Not: A Question of Appropriability*

Whether natural resources are good or bad for a country's development are shown to depend on the interaction between institutional setting and, crucially, the types of resources possessed by the country. Some natural resources are, for economical and technical reasons, more likely to cause problems such as rent‐seeking and conflicts than others. This potential problem can, however, be countered by good institutional quality. In contrast to the traditional resource curse hypothesis, we show the impact of natural resources on economic growth to be non‐monotonic in institutional quality, and increasingly so for certain types of resources. In particular, countries rich in minerals are cursed only if they have low‐quality institutions, while the curse is reversed if institutions are sufficiently good. Furthermore, if countries are rich in diamonds and precious metals, these effects—both positive and negative—are larger.     

基于R语言主题模型的光伏产业创新政策层级性特征分析

以光伏太阳能产业为例，运用R语言主题模型，对国家、山西及大同3个层级政府2007—2019年光伏产业创新政策进行主题挖掘和量化分析，研究不同层级产业创新政策间的关联特征。结果表明：国家级政策主要集中于宏观价格管制和财政补贴制度，政策指导性特征明显；山西省级政策集中于中微观扶持性层面，政策指令性特征显现；大同市级政策主要集中于具体的微观运行机制，政策管控属性更加明显。上述政策特征与产业创新政策总体要求一致，但3个层级政策热门主题间还存在相关性不强、政策间互动影响作用不明显等问题，忽视了产业创新政策的传导渗透性特征。     

Efficiency and equilibrium when preferences are time-inconsistent

We consider an exchange economy with time-inconsistent consumers whose preferences are additively separable. If consumers have identical discount factors, then allocations that are Pareto efficient at the initial date are also renegotiation-proof. In an economy with a sequence of markets, competitive equilibria are Pareto efficient in this sense, and for generic endowments, only if preferences are locally homothetic.     

Market games with asymmetric information: the core

This paper concerns cores of economies with asymmetric information. Alternative definitions of the information available to traders in coalitions and the cooperative games they generate are analyzed. An important technical result states that such NTU games in characteristic function form are well defined. Properties of various cores with asymmetric information are examined. Sufficient conditions on information sharing rules are provided for the induced games to be totally balanced or balanced, so that their cores are nonempty. Incentive compatibility issues are considered. Finally, a perspective on this research area is provided.     

保障性社区公共服务设施供给研究——以上海市宝山“四高”小区为例

在城市更新和住房保障制度实施的背景下,保障性社区正在全国范围内大量形成,由于其选址较偏,对相关配套关注少,公共服务设施的供应严重滞后与不足,居民的生活质量受到影响,阻碍了保障效果的实现及和谐社会的构建。从分析保障性社区公共服务设施供给的影响因素出发,针对保障性社区的特征,阐述公共服务设施的供给规模确定、供给内容特征和供给时序安排,提出不同导入时期的公共服务设施供给优化建议。     

The evolution of cooperation through imitation

We study evolutionarily stable outcomes for a class of games that admit cooperation and conflict as possible Nash equilibria. We make use of two ideas: existing strategies are more likely to be imitated than new strategies are to be introduced; players are able to identify opponents' behavior prior to interaction. The long-run evolutionary limit is efficient for the case of perfect recognition of opponents' behavior. For the case of imperfect recognition, efficiency is not achieved and long-run outcomes are more efficient the more accurate is the information. Strategies that emerge in the long run are those where players reward opponents who are likely to play the same way, and punish opponents who are likely to play differently.     

婚姻对男性死亡风险的影响——立足于对清代辽东旗人社会的考察

利用中国多世代人口数据库——辽宁部分(CMGPD-LN),运用离散时间事件史分析技术和logit模型,研究了1749-1909年清代辽东旗人社会中男性的婚姻与死亡水平、死亡风险的关系。婚姻对于男性具有保护作用,在婚男性的死亡风险要低于不在婚男性;logit模型结果表明,未婚和丧偶男性的死亡风险要显著高于初婚男性,中青年未婚男性的死亡风险高于初婚男性,而老年未婚男性的死亡风险比初婚男性低。     

Testing for serial correlation and random effects in a two-way error component regression model

In this paper, we test the existence of serial correlation and random effects in a two-way error component regression model with panel data. Under moment conditions alone, we suggest several easily implemented tests based on the parameter estimators for artificial autoregressions modeled by the differences in residuals. Under the null hypotheses, the tests for serial correlation are two-sided and asymptotically chi-square distributed, whereas those for random effects are one-sided, and are asymptotically standard normally distributed variables. Moreover, these methods can also be used similarly to construct tests for both serial correlation and individual effects jointly, whether or not time effects are present. The proposed tests are able to detect local alternatives that are distinct from the null at the parametric rate. Monte Carlo simulations and real data applications are carried out for purposes of illustration.     

技术融合视角下新兴技术识别研究

基于技术融合视角,从知识联接创新角度揭示新兴技术形成机制,利用技术知识流分析方法,构建包括专利-领域-部门三维度的新兴技术识别框架。采集德温特创新索引(Derwent Innovations Index,DII)中的光纤通信专利开展实证研究,结果表明：光纤通信产业的新兴技术专利主要分布在日、美、中三国,且多由日、美企业掌握;光纤通信最重要的新兴技术领域来自于光学、电信及二者的融合;光纤通信最重要的新兴技术部门来自于设备、电子工程及二者的融合。最后,对国内光纤通信企业开展技术创新提出对策建议。     

国家级风景名胜区中的世界遗产项目开发保护与国际经验借鉴

风景名胜区和世界遗产都属于公共性旅游资源,具有稀缺性和垄断性特征.其中,风景名胜区具有较强的旅游产品属性,而世界遗产具有较强的公益性,这就决定了世界遗产项目应有更高的开发保护要求.目前我国的国家级风景名胜区中有18个世界遗产项目,在对它们进行开发利用的同时,必须坚持保护其真实性和完整性这两个原则.文章在分析该类项目现状并与国外类似项目进行对比的基础上,提出了值得借鉴的国际经验.     

黄山市生态旅游开发的初步研究

本文首先对生态旅游资源进行界定,认为生态旅游资源包括自然生态旅游资源和人文生态旅游资源两大部分。在此基础上,分析了黄山市生态旅游资源的基本特征,对黄山市开发生态旅游的必要性进行讨论。最后,对黄山市生态旅游开发提出几点建议。     

Sibling gender and wage differences

Family influences on economic performance are investigated. In particular, sibship sex composition is related to hourly wages using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The wages of men are increasing in the proportion of siblings who are brothers, but the wages of women are insensitive to sibling gender. Nonwage outcomes are generally unaffected. Contrasts by age structure and demographic group are also presented. The analysis addresses econometric challenges like the endogeneity of fertility and selection into the workforce. In addition, mechanisms such as labour market interactions, human capital investment and role model effects are documented. A questionnaire on job search indicates a same-gender bias in the use of brothers and sisters in obtaining employment. Developmental and psychological assessments suggest that brothers may be associated with worse childhood home environments and more traditional family attitudes among women. The findings are policy relevant and contribute to an understanding of gender differences and earnings inequality.     

Bilateral trade with apositional traders

We study the standard model of bilateral trade under incomplete information dropping the assumption that traders know on which side of the market they are. We consider two mechanisms that differ only in the number of offers that an agent can submit. These mechanisms are realistic and they are ex post individually rational (i.e. regret free), while the usual mechanisms proposed in the literature satisfy the weaker requirement of interim individual rationality. Properties of the Bayesian equilibria are described for the general case. For the case where valuations are uniformly distributed in the unit square, two types of equilibria are derived for each mechanism and their efficiency properties are analyzed. As expected, the equilibria under the double offer mechanism are less inefficient than those under the single offer mechanism.     

Joint Production and the Structure of Technology: A Generalization

In this paper, we have a peek inside the black box of technology in an attempt to get a better understanding of the concept of joint production. We introduce the notion of input and output subtechnologies; these are then used as building blocks to define various types of production processes, either joint or nonjoint. Thus, in the 2×2 case, we are able to identify up to 36 different production structures, some of which are well known, but most of which are new. These are all described in the primal quantity space as well as in the dual price space. Comparative statics results for the 2×2 joint production process are derived.